Inter omental-cerebral vascularization induced by omental graft to the rat brain

Summary The omentum of 13 rats were removed from the abdomen and placed directly on the brain. 5–14 days later the omentum and the underlying brain were joined by numerous vascular anastomoses in 9 rats. The purpose of this work was to study the use of omentum to establish extracranial vascularization of the brain.Supported by funds from Grant RR 514 from the Jefferson Medical College General Research Fund.     

Peripheral neuropathy associated with inhalation of methyl-n-butyl ketone

Résumé Dix-sept rats sont exposés pendant 6 semaines 5 jours par semaine, 8 h par jour, à une atmosphère contenant soit du méthyl-n-butyl kétone seul soit un mélange de MnBK et de méthyl-éthyl kétone. Tous les rats présentèrent une faiblesse musculaire généralisée après l'inhalation qui dura de quelques h à 24 h avec récupération motrice totale. En dépit de cette apparence normale, l'examen histologique révéla une hypertrophie, un ballonement en grains de chapelet, et une dégénérescence des axones, associée à une démyélination secondaire, habituellement située dans la région des nodes de Ranvier. La toxicité du MnBK est prouvée, celle du MEK est encore à l'étude.     

A stress response pathway regulates DNA damage through β2-adrenoreceptors and β-arrestin-1

The human mind and body respond to stress, a state of perceived threat to homeostasis, by activating the sympathetic nervous system and secreting the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline in the 'fight-or-flight' response. The stress response is generally transient because its accompanying effects (for example, immunosuppression, growth inhibition and enhanced catabolism) can be harmful in the long term. When chronic, the stress response can be associated with disease symptoms such as peptic ulcers or cardiovascular disorders, and epidemiological studies strongly indicate that chronic stress leads to DNA damage. This stress-induced DNA damage may promote ageing, tumorigenesis, neuropsychiatric conditions and miscarriages. However, the mechanisms by which these DNA-damage events occur in response to stress are unknown. The stress hormone adrenaline stimulates β(2)-adrenoreceptors that are expressed throughout the body, including in germline cells and zygotic embryos. Activated β(2)-adrenoreceptors promote Gs-protein-dependent activation of protein kinase A (PKA), followed by the recruitment of β-arrestins, which desensitize G-protein signalling and function as signal transducers in their own right. Here we elucidate a molecular mechanism by which β-adrenergic catecholamines, acting through both Gs-PKA and β-arrestin-mediated signalling pathways, trigger DNA damage and suppress p53 levels respectively, thus synergistically leading to the accumulation of DNA damage. In mice and in human cell lines, β-arrestin-1 (ARRB1), activated via β(2)-adrenoreceptors, facilitates AKT-mediated activation of MDM2 and also promotes MDM2 binding to, and degradation of, p53, by acting as a molecular scaffold. Catecholamine-induced DNA damage is abrogated in Arrb1-knockout (Arrb1(-/-)) mice, which show preserved p53 levels in both the thymus, an organ that responds prominently to acute or chronic stress, and in the testes, in which paternal stress may affect the offspring's genome. Our results highlight the emerging role of ARRB1 as an E3-ligase adaptor in the nucleus, and reveal how DNA damage may accumulate in response to chronic stress.     

Fetal encephalopathy following ingestion of tellurium

Résumé L'ingestion de tellure, associé à la diète normale, par une rate en gestation, peut donner des ratons hydrocéphaliques. Des anomalies cellulaires s'observent dans le cerveau du foetus de 13 à 15 jours.     

50ppm MnBK subclinical neuropathy in rats.

40 rats were subjected daily for 6 months to an atmosphere containing 50ppm MnBK. 32 of the rats presented with demyelination of the sciatic nerve and 2 of these with axonal hypertrophy.     

Horizontal cells in the zona incerta of the developing human telencephalon

Résumé Durant le 4me mois de la vie foetale humaine, il existe dans la zone incerta du télencéphale, des cellules dont l'axe est parallèle à la surface du cerveau, c'est-à-dire perpendiculaire à la majorité des autres cellules nerveuses. Cette position serait en rapport avec la position, parallèle aussi, des vaisseaux dans cette région du cerveau. Le rôle et le destin de ces cellules sont inconnus.