中国籼稻亚种内的群体结构及地理生态分化

籼稻是亚洲和世界其他一些地区广为种植的主要栽培稻亚种,同时也是我国杂交水稻恢复系的主要来源.研究籼稻亚种内的遗传结构和遗传多样性对中国栽培稻亚种内的分类和演化以及水稻杂种优势利用具有重要的理论和实践意义.本研究通过36个SSR标记对1582份籼稻地方品种的群体结构和地理生态分化进行了分析.结果表明,利用分子标记所做基于模型和基于遗传距离的群体结构表现一致,即早籼稻生态型可划分为4个地理生态群,中间型生态型可划分为3个地理生态群,晚籼稻生态型可划分为2个地理生态群.当地的生态环境和空间隔离是形成地理分化的主要原因.地理生态群既体现了品种间的遗传差异又是对不同生态环境适应的反映,可用于籼稻亚种内杂种优势群划分的依据.根据SSR标记在各个生态型及地理生态群的基因型分布,筛选了可用于鉴别各生态型和地理生态群的SSR特征等位变异并建立了相应的SSR分子判别式.通过SSR分子判别式选择籼稻的中间类型开展籼粳杂种优势研究以及选择不同地理生态类型开展籼稻亚种内杂种优势研究,有助于突破籼粳杂种优势利用的障碍和加强籼稻亚种内杂种优势利用.     

P_∞-k-边临界图

本文证明了P_∞—K—边临界图的一些简单性质。主要结果:(1)若X~-1(G;P_∞)=K,则对所有L≤K,G包含一个P_∞—L—边临界子图;(2)设G是P_∞—K—边临界图,H是G中长至少为1的路,且H∈P_∞,则x~1(G—H;P_∞)—K—1。     

Geographical genetic diversity and divergence of common wild rice （O. rufipogon Griff.） in China

Using 36 SSR markers and 889 accessions of common wild rice in China, the genetic diversity and the divergence among different geographical populations are investigated. Guangdong Province has the largest number of alleles, which account for 84% of the total alleles detected in the study, followed by Guangxi Province. The Nei＇s gene diversity indices, from high to low, are in the sequence of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Yunnan provinces. Two genetic diversity centers of Chinese common wild rice are detected on the basis of geographic analysis, i.e., the region covering Boluo, Zijin, Lufeng, Haifeng, Huidong and Huiyang counties of Guangdong Province and the region covering Yongning, Longan, Laibin and Guigang counties of Guangxi Province. The common wild rice in Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces are diverged into respectively independent populations with relatively large genetic distances, whereas, those in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces have relatively low genetic divergence. Under the condition of geographic separation, natural selection is considered as one of the primary forces contributing to the divergence of common wild rice in China.     

煤层气解吸扩散渗流模型研究进展

对煤储层基质孔隙分类、煤储层中气水变化特征、基质孔隙中甲烷的动力学行为、煤层气解吸模型、扩散模型、渗流模型和产气模型进行了综述和评论．认为煤层气生产过程吸附气变为解吸气．少量的解吸气溶解并在储层孔隙水中扩散．大量的解吸气聚集成泡和成柱并在煤基质孔隙中的非达西渗流、自由气从煤基质孔隙至割理．裂隙系统的窜流、自由气从煤基质孔隙至井筒的非达西渗流（仅限低煤阶）、及自由气从割理．裂隙系统至井筒的达西渗流过程．可为煤层气开发提供理论依据,为煤层气数值模拟提供理论基础,对煤层气产气规律的认识具有指导意义．     

Late Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in the southern Okinawa Trough inferred from a diatom record

We analyzed sediment diatoms from core MD05-2908 to infer climate and paleoenvironmental changes in the southern Okinawa Trough (SOT) over the past 1000 years.Because the study area is located in the East Asia monsoon area and beneath the main axis of Kuroshio Current,the climatic and hydrographical conditions are strongly influenced by both of these factors.The species used as environmental indicators,including the Kuroshio Current species (KC species) and freshwater species,were investigated in this paper.Changes in the abundance of the two groups of species revealed significant variations in water temperature and hydrography in the SOT during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA).From 950-1500 AD,the abundance of the KC species increased fluctuantly,while the freshwater species decreased,showing that the influence of the Kuroshio Current was intensified at that interval and the precipitation of the study area was relatively low.The KC species decreased remarkably and was maintained at a low abundance during the interval of 1500-1900 AD,which suggests that the impact of the Kuroshio Current on the SOT weakened during the period corresponding to the LIA.Moreover,the high abundance of the freshwater species at the same interval indicates a distinct increase in precipitation in northeastern Taiwan,which may be correlated to the south-detention of the rainfall belt in China caused by the southward migration of the western Pacific subtropical high.     

Fine mapping of the awn gene on chromosome 4 in rice by association and linkage analyses

Awnness is a key trait in rice domestication, yet no studies have been conducted on fine mapping or association mapping of the rice awn gene. In this study, we investigated the awnness and genotype of a core collection of 303 cultivated rice varieties and a BC5F2 segregating population of 200 individuals. Combining association and linkage analyses, we mapped the awnness related genes to chromosome 4. Primary association analysis using 24 SSR markers revealed five loci significantly associated with awnness on chromosome 4. The associated markers cover previously identified regions. Fine association mapping was conducted using another 29 markers within a 4-Mb region, covering the associated marker in34, which is close to the awn gene Awn4.1. Seven associated markers were revealed, distributed over an 870-kb region. Combining the fine association mapping and linkage analysis of awnness in the 200 BC5F2 segregating population, we finally identified a 330-kb region as the candidate region for Awn4.1. The results indicate that combining association mapping and linkage mapping provides an efficient and precise approach to both genome-wide mapping and fine mapping of rice genes.     

Genetic structure and diversity of Oryza sativa L. in Guizhou, China

Preserving many kinds of rice resources and rich variations, Guizhou Province is one of the districts with the highest genetic diversity of cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China. In the current research, genetic diversity and structure of 537 accessions of cultivated rice from Guizhou were studied using 36 microsetellite markers and 39 phenotypic characters. The results showed that the model-based genetic structure was the same as genetic-distance-based one using SSRs but somewhat different from the documented classification （mainly based on phenotype） of two subspecies. The accessions being classified into indica by phenotype but japonica by genetic structure were much more than that being classified into japonica by phenotype but indica by genetic structure. Like Ding Ying＇s taxonomic system of cultivated rice, the subspecific differentiation was the most distinct differentiation within cultivated rice. But the differentiation within indica or japonica population was different： japonica presented clearer differentiation between soil-watery ecotypes than indica, and indica presented clearer differentiation between seasonal ecotypes than japonica. Cultivated rices in Guizhou revealed high genetic diversity at both DNA and phenotypic levels. Possessing the highest genetic diversity and all the necessary conditions as a center of genetic diversity, region Southwestern of Guizhou was suggested as the center of genetic diversity of O. sativa L. from Guizhou.     

Genetic structure and eco-geographical differentiation of cultivated Hsien rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) in China revealed by microsatellites

Indica is not only an important rice subspecies widely planted in Asia and the rest of the world,but it is also the genetic background of the majority of hybrid varieties in China.Studies on genetic structure and genetic diversity in indica germplasm resources are important for the classification and utilization of cultivated rice in China.Using a genetically representative core collection comprising 1482 Chinese indica landraces,we analysed the genetic structure,geographic differentiation and diversity.Model-based structure analysis of varieties within three ecotypes revealed nine eco-geographical types partially accordant with certain ecological zones in China.Differentiation of eco-geographical types was attributed to local ecological adaption and physical isolation.These groups may be useful for developing heterotic groups of indica.To facilitate the identification of different ecotypes and eco-geographical types,we identified characteristic SSR alleles of each ecotype and eco-geographical type and a rapid index of discrimination based on characteristic alleles.The characteristic alleles and rapid discrimination index may guide development of heterotic groups,and selection of hybrid parents.