金属锌改性HZSM-5催化的固定床反应器中甲醇芳构化工艺条件优化研究

通过等体积浸渍法制备了Zn改性的HZSM-5催化剂,并在连续流动固定床反应器上研究了Zn-HZSM-5催化剂的甲醇芳构化性能。结合X射线衍射(XRD)、吡啶吸附傅立叶变换红外光谱(Py-IR)、N2吸附-脱附方法对金属锌改性HZSM-5催化剂进行了表征。考察了Zn负载量和操作条件对甲醇芳构化反应的影响,并针对甲醇芳构化反应过程中强放热导致催化剂床层温升过高而使催化剂结焦失活的现象,探讨了催化剂床层温度控制的影响因素。研究结果表明,锌改性HZSM-5的最佳负载量(质量分数)区间为2%~3%;2.5%Zn-HZSM-5催化的固定床反应器中甲醇芳构化的最优工艺条件为常压,400~430℃,甲醇质量空速小于2 h-1;降低甲醇水溶液中甲醇物质的量比、加大气相空速中氮气分压均能降低催化剂床层的温升。     

Rapid growth cost in “all-fish” growth hormone gene transgenic carp:Reduced critical swimming speed

Evidence has accumulated that there is a trade-off between benefits and costs associated with rapid growth. A trade-off between growth rates and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) had been also reported to be common in teleost fish. We hypothesize that growth acceleration in the F3 generation of "all-fish" growth hormone gene (GH) transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) would reduce the swimming abilities. Growth and swimming performance between transgenic fish and non-transgenic controls were compared. The results showed that transgenic fish had a mean body weight 1.4―1.9-fold heavier,and a mean specific growth rate (SGR) value 6%―10% higher than the controls. Transgenic fish,however,had a mean absolute Ucrit (cm/s) value 22% or mean relative Ucrit (BL/s) value 24% lower than the controls. It suggested that fast-growing "all-fish" GH-transgenic carp were inferior swimmers. It is also supported that there was a trade-off between growth rates and swimming performance,i.e. faster-growing individuals had lower critical swimming speed.     

Rapid growth cost in ＂all-fish＂ growth hormone gene transsenic carp： Reduced critical swimming speed

Evidence has accumulated that there is a trade-off between benefits and costs associated with rapid growth. A trade-off between growth rates and critical swimming speed （Uc,t） had been also reported to be common in teleost fish. We hypothesize that growth acceleration in the F3 generation of ＂all-fish＂ growth hormone gene （GH） transgenic common carp （Cyprinus carpio L.） would reduce the swimming abilities. Growth and swimming performance between transgenic fish and non-transgenic controls were compared. The results showed that transgenic fish had a mean body weight 1.4--1.9-fold heavier, and a mean specific growth rate （SGR） value 6%-10% higher than the controls. Transgenic fish, however, had a mean absolute Ucr, （cm/s） value 22% or mean relative Ucrit （BL/s） value 24% lower than the controls. It suggested that fast-growing ＂all-fish＂ GH-transgenic carp were inferior swimmers. It is also supported that there was a trade-off between growth rates and swimming performance, i.e. faster-growing individuals had lower critical swimming speed.     

Recent developments in homobimetallic reagents and catalysts for organic synthesis

Organometallics are a family of useful organic chemicals because they play important roles in organic synthesis as reagents and as catalysts.They can be classified according to the number of metals they contain.Bimetallic compounds are important organometallics and they are either homobimetallic or heterobimetallic depending on whether the two metals are the same or different.In this paper,we focus on homobimetallic compounds.Homobimetallic compounds are generally used as dianions to react with electrophiles in organic synthesis.Recently,homobimetallics have also been used as catalysts in organic reactions such as in asymmetric reactions.     

Titanium carbonitride thick coating prepared by plasma spray synthesis and its tribological properties

TiCN coating, owing to its superior wear-resistance, has been frequently applied in many fields. TiCN thick coating was first prepared by reactive plasma spraying. The phase composition, microstructure and tribological properties of the TiCN coating were investigated in this research. Experimental results show that the microstructure of the TiCN coating was quite dense, and there was also a little amount of titanium oxides within the coating. By XPS analysis, Ti-C and Ti-N bonds were detected in the coating. The TiCN coating exhibited superior wear-resistance. The failure mechanism was attributed to the ad-hesive wear, the grinding of TiCN hard-grain, as well as the coating failure by oxidation. There were more Fe, Cr, O, etc. in the failure zone, suggesting that the corrosion propagated gradually from sur-face to interior.     

基于流水线架构的卷积神经网络FPGA实现

卷积神经网络（CNN）已被广泛用于图像处理领域,且通常在CPU和GPU平台上进行计算,然而在CNN推理阶段存在CPU计算速度慢和GPU功耗高的问题。鉴于现场可编程门阵列（field programmable gate array,FPGA）能够实现计算速度和功耗的平衡,针对当前在卷积结构设计、流水线设计、存储优化方面存在的问题,设计了基于FPGA的卷积神经网络并行加速结构。首先将图像数据和权值数据定点化为16 bit定点数,一定程度上减少了乘加运算的复杂性;然后根据卷积计算的并行特性,设计了一种高并行流水线卷积运算电路,提高了卷积运算性能,同时也对与片外存储进行数据交互的流水线存储结构进行了优化,以减少数据传输的时间消耗。实验结果表明,整体加速器在ImageNet数据集上的识别率达到94.6%,与近年来相关领域的报道结果相比,本文在计算性能方面有一定的优势。     

Acute and chronic un-ionized ammonia toxicity to ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.)

Ammonia is toxic to fish in natural and artificial waters. We evaluated the acute (96 h) and chronic (21 d) toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to GH transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and non-transgenic common carp using a static-renewal bioassay. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of un-ionized ammonia were slightly lower in transgenic carp (2.64, 2.44, 2.28 and 2.16 mg N/L, respectively) than in non-transgenic carp (2.70, 2.64, 2.52 and 2.33 mg N/L, respectively). Similarly, the median lethal time (LT₅₀) was significantly shorter for transgenic carp (1.41, 7.91 and 117.42 h) than for non-transgenic common carp (2.53, 14.06 and 150.44 h) following exposure to 3.86, 3.29, or 2.09 mg N/L, respectively. Moreover, the mortality of transgenic carp was significantly higher than that of non-transgenic carp at all un-ionized ammonia concentrations ((0.91 ± 0.12), (0.48 ± 0.06) and (0.12 ± 0.01) mg N/L) during the 21 d chronic toxicity test. Our results suggest that GH transgenic carp are less tolerant of un-ionized ammonia than non-transgenic carp. Our data are useful for evaluating potential environmental risk, optimizing stocking density in intensive aquaculture and establishing water quality criteria for ammonia in aquaculture.     

Photo-induced degradation of Ru（Ⅱ） complex absorbed on anatase TiO2 thin film electrode

Photo-induced degradation of a monolayer of Ru（Ⅱ） complex absorbed on anatase TiO2 thin film was studied by using resonant micro-Raman spectroscopy. Under intense light radiation of a laser and in the absence of a reducing agent, the dye decomposed quickly. When the dye-sensitized TiO2 thin film electrode was covered by a reducing agent, namely the I^-/I3^- redox couple, the photo-induced decomposing rate was slowed by a factor of -10^6. In both cases, the dye decomposed with time under an exponential law.     

Os isotopic evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic mantle source for the Nagqu ophiolite from Tibet and its implications

Early-crystallizing chromian spinel(Cr-spinel) in the Nagqu ophiolite has high Os and low Re contents,and it is resistant to alteration during serpentinization,weathering and metamorphism.The chemical composition of primitive magma is preserved in Cr-spinel,which makes it suitable for determining the initial Os-isotope composition of the mantle source.This study presents Cr-spinel Os isotopes and zircon U-Pb ages for cumulate dunite and gabbro,respectively,in the same cumulate section of the ophiolite at Nagqu in Tibet.The results shed light on the formation and evolution of lithospheric mantle.The Nagqu ophiolite is located in the central part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.It is a remnant of the Neotethyan oceanic crust,and contains cumulate dunite and gabbro.Zircon from the gabbro yielded a weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U age of 183.7±1 Ma.Cr-spinel exhibits Os values of 0.2 to 0.3,suggesting that the mantle source for the dunite is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites.Thus,the Tibetan lithosphere is primarily a relic of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere,which has formed by the transformation of the normal asthenospheric mantle in the Mesozoic.This is the first study to combine the spinel Os isotopes with accurate zircon U-Pb ages to constrain the geochemical characteristics of the mantle source for the ophiolite.     

Finding of high-pressure mafic granulites in the Amdo basement,central Tibet

High-pressure mafic granulites with a peak mineral assemblage of garnet + clinopyroxene + rutile + quartz were found in the Amdo basement, central Tibet. Two kinds of symplectites were identified that are composed of orthopyroxene + plagioclase ± spinel and hornblende + plagioclase around garnet, which were interpreted to develop during the retrogressing stages in the granulites. P-T estimates suggested that peak metamorphic conditions were about 860–920°C and 1.46–1.56 GPa, which retrogressed from post-peak phase at 820–890°C and 0.88–1.15 GPa to amphibolite facies at 550–670°C and 0.52–0.65 GPa. These three stages define a clockwise P-T path with near-isothermal decompression and cooling following the peak high-pressure metamorphism. This suggests that the Amdo granulites underwent an initial subduction to a deep crustal level of ~50 km and then were rapidly exhumed to a shallow crustal level (~20 km). The formation of Amdo granulites is considered to result from the arc-continent collision between the Amdo basement and the Qiangtang terrane in the middle Jurassic, which is a crucial step to the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.