中学生物教师继续教育相关问题的调查研究

职后继续教育的课程设置对教师素质有一定的影响,采用问卷调查、文献分析和访谈等方法,对中学生物教师继续教育所应开设的课程、教学形式等继续教育方面的问题进行研究,并提出相应建议。     

工科线性代数的教学策略研究

线性代数相对与其他课程具有体系感、较强的逻辑性和抽象性、应用非常广和计算量非常大的特点。而当前线性代数教学面临的形势是:任课老师教学工作量大和学生自觉性不高,工科学生学习数学的兴趣比学专业课的兴趣低,工科学生的数学基础普遍降低,课时非常紧张,现在大学生做作业的主动积极性不高。因此,要调动学生的学习积极性,关键在于让学生对这门课感兴趣,要善于启发和引导学生的思维,充分利用多媒体课件,培养或是引导学生的兴趣,要善于引导学生对内容归纳和总结,学会融会贯通。     

Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin

Vertebrates achieve internal homeostasis during infection or injury by balancing the activities of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), produced by all gram-negative bacteria, activates macrophages to release cytokines that are potentially lethal. The central nervous system regulates systemic inflammatory responses to endotoxin through humoral mechanisms. Activation of afferent vagus nerve fibres by endotoxin or cytokines stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal anti-inflammatory responses. However, comparatively little is known about the role of efferent vagus nerve signalling in modulating inflammation. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized, parasympathetic anti-inflammatory pathway by which the brain modulates systemic inflammatory responses to endotoxin. Acetylcholine, the principle vagal neurotransmitter, significantly attenuated the release of cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-18), but not the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human macrophage cultures. Direct electrical stimulation of the peripheral vagus nerve in vivo during lethal endotoxaemia in rats inhibited TNF synthesis in liver, attenuated peak serum TNF amounts, and prevented the development of shock.