The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen

Strict anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of greater than 5 micro M dissolved oxygen. Despite this growth inhibition, many strict anaerobes of the Bacteroides class of eubacteria can survive in oxygenated environments until the partial pressure of O2 (PO2) is sufficiently reduced. For example, the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis colonize subgingival plaques of mammals, whereas several other Bacteroides species colonize the gastrointestinal tract of animals. It has been suggested that pre-colonization of these sites by facultative anaerobes is essential for reduction of the PO2 and subsequent colonization by strict anaerobes. However, this model is inconsistent with the observation that Bacteroides fragilis can colonize the colon in the absence of facultative anaerobes. Thus, this strict anaerobe may have a role in reduction of the environmental PO2. Although some strictly anaerobic bacteria can consume oxygen through an integral membrane electron transport system, the physiological role of this system has not been established in these organisms. Here we demonstrate that B. fragilis encodes a cytochrome bd oxidase that is essential for O2 consumption and is required, under some conditions, for the stimulation of growth in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of O2. Furthermore, our data suggest that this property is conserved in many other organisms that have been described as strict anaerobes.     

Consensus supertrees: The synthesis of rooted trees containing overlapping sets of labeled leaves

Given two dendrograms (rooted tree diagrams) which have some but not all of their base points in common, a supertree is a dendrogram from which each of the original trees can be regarded as samples The distinction is made between inconsistent and consistent sample trees, defined by whether or not the samples provide contradictory information about the supertree An algorithm for obtaining the strict consensus supertree of two consistent sample trees is presented, as are procedures for merging two inconsistent sample trees Some suggestions for future work are made