原子分子体系的引力效应

寻找完整的量子引力理论是目前理论物理中的前沿热点问题之一,而黑洞热力学和量子干涉仪探测引力效应被认为是正在形成的量子引力理论的两个重要的"实验区".前者通过将量子概念引入到广义相对论来检验二者如何结合,特别是量子力学幺正性将在这两个理论的结合中经受严峻考验;而后者通过量子系统在引力场背景中的演化来试验引力对系统量子属性的影响,在这一方面广义相对论等效原理在微观粒子领域将接受越来越严格的实验检验.目前,原子分子物理实验中出现了类似黑洞辐射的现象,然而,这些现象出现的理论机制还不是非常明确,究竟能否用目前已有的理论解释,或者还是需要构建新的理论来解释也是不清楚的,但是无论如何,这些现象的出现为实验研究量子引力理论打开了一扇窗户.另一方面,人们已经使用量子系统测量一些弱引力效应,这不仅为研究引力对量子系统的影响提供了便利条件,也为研究二者结合提供了一个好的突破口.本综述将结合我们近几年的工作,围绕原子分子体系中的强引力和弱引力效应来介绍和讨论这些问题.     

Yaw attitude of eclipsing GPS satellites and its impact on solutions from precise point positioning

During the period when a GPS satellite, the Earth and the Sun are approximately collinear, the phenomenon of eclipsing the satellite occurs, when the satellite yaw attitude deviates from its nominal case, i.e. the body X-axis cannot point towards the Sun for Block II&IIA or away from it for Block IIR satellites. The yaw attitude of the eclipsing satellites has a significant influence on both the satellite clock estimation at each International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Center (AC) and for users of the precise point positioning (PPP) implementations. It is known that, during the eclipsing periods, inconsistent yaw attitude models among the ACs will contribute to the errors of the IGS combined clock products. As for the PPP user, the influence of the eclipsing satellite is two-fold. First, as the satellite clocks are always kept fixed during PPP implementation, the above-mentioned problematic IGS clocks will inevitably be passed on to the PPP estimates. Second, the improper yaw attitude modeling of the eclipsing satellite will cause a correction bias exceeding 1 dm for the two kinds of attitude-related systematic errors, namely the phase wind-up and satellite antenna phase center offset, which will further deteriorate the accuracy of the PPP solutions. A yaw attitude model is introduced in this paper with the aim of improving the reliability of PPP solutions during the satellite eclipsing period.     

Bayesian mixed models and divergence time estimation of Chinese cavefishes （Cyprinidae： Sinocyclocheilus）

The genus Sinocyclocheilus is distributed in Yun-Gui Plateau and its surrounding region only, within more than 10 cave species showing different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentaUon with wonderful adaptations. To present, published morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Slnocyclocheilus from prior works are very different and the relationships within the genus are still far from clear. We obtained the sequences of cytochrome b （cyt b） and NADH dehydrogenase subunlt 4 （ND4） of 34 species within Sinocyclocheilus, which represent the most dense taxon sampling to date. We performed Bayesian mixed models analyses with this data set. Under this phylogenetic framework, we estimated the divergence times of recovered clades using different methods under relaxed molecular clock. Our phyloegentic results supported the monophyly of Sinocyclocheilus and showed that this genus could be subdivided into 6 major clades. In addition, an earlier finding demonstrating the polyphyletlc of cave species and the most basal position of S. jii was corroborated. Relaxed divergence-time estimation suggested that Sinocyclocheilus originated at the late Miocene, about 11 million years ago （Ma）, which is older than what have been assumed.     

国际直线对撞机（ILC）高梯度射频超导加速腔研制

射频超导（sRF）加速技术已广泛应用于基于加速器的大科学装置．在国际直线对撞机和其他相关项目的推动下,近年来国际上多个射频超导实验室开展了高梯度射频超导加速腔的研制．在不断改进精密加工、电磁场调平、表面处理和电子束焊接等工艺流程的基础上,北京大学近期研制成功一只高质量9-cell超导加速腔,其加速梯度为32．6MV／m,品质因数大于1．0×10^10,性能指标全面达到国际直线对撞机（ILC）的要求．这表明我国已经掌握了高水平超导加速腔的研制技术,为未来参加ILC国际合作以及建设其他采用射频超导加速技术的大科学装置打下了良好基础．     

碱预处理促进椰衣纤维厌氧消化产气研究

针对当前存在的椰衣纤维量大且难处理的问题，研究了NaOH、KOH、Ca （OH）₂和碱性H₂O₂（AHP）预处理对其厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明，碱预处理可以缩短椰衣纤维厌氧消化反应的迟滞期，提高累积沼气产量。采用7% NaOH和7% AHP预处理可显著去除木质素，累积产气量（基于挥发性固体含量，VS）可达218.3 mL/g和217.8 mL/g，较未预处理的椰衣纤维（累积产气量为101.1 mL/g）提升了115.9%和115.4%。     

合成气直接制芳烃嵌入式Co@HZSM-5催化剂的研究

由于芳烃收率低、催化剂易积碳和反应条件苛刻等问题的存在，合成气直接转化制芳烃技术目前仍然面临很多挑战。采用分步晶化方法合成了嵌入式Co@HZSM-5双功能分子筛催化剂，并通过X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂物理吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）以及热重分析（TG-DTA）等手段对催化剂的形貌、晶体结构、酸性、还原性能、积碳行为等理化性质进行了表征，随后在固定床反应器中对Co@HZSM-5催化剂进行了合成气直接催化转化制芳烃的反应性能评价。研究结果表明：嵌入式Co@HZSM-5分子筛催化剂相较于传统负载型Co/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂以及Co/SiO₂催化剂具有更多的酸中心和适宜的酸强度；同时，这种将活性金属纳米颗粒嵌入在分子筛晶体内部的特殊结构在保证活性相结构稳定的同时，还发挥了分子筛的择形限域效应。因此，嵌入式Co@HZSM-5催化剂可有效促进费托合成反应低碳产物的二次芳构化反应，提高芳烃的选择性，同时抑制长链烃类和积碳的生成。     

Elimination of bistability in constant-phase mode in atomic force microscopy

By presenting the phase properties of bistability in amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy, we put forward a technique, the constant-phase mode, which may eliminate bistability. Using this approach, we keep the phase shift between driving and oscillation constant, slightly above -90°. In addition to the adjustment of the free amplitude, we add to amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy another feedback so that the tip always oscillates in the high-amplitude state. A numerical simulation is carried out to demonstrate that the algorithm prevents bistability effectively.     

试析女排跳发球技术在比赛中的应用

本文通过对女排跳发球技术的分析,并结合大量的比赛实例,用以说明跳发球技术在女排比赛中的实用性和重要性,具体地以运动员的身高、素质、攻防对换以及赛场、规则等各个方面,证实了跳发球技术存在的客观性,将可能成为女子排球发展的新趋势,同时,也指出跳发球技术在训练、比赛中所存在的难度和缺陷,并提出一定的改进意见,为不断完善跳发球技术,不断提高女排的攻击力起到促进作用。     

Cloning and sequence analysis of Sox genes in a tetraploid cyprinid fish, Tor douronensis

A PCR survey for Sox genes in a young tetraploid fish Tor douronensis （Teleostei： Cyprinidae） was performed to access the evolutionary fates of important functional genes after genome duplication caused by polyploldizatlon event. Totally 13 Soxgenes were obtained in Tordouronensis, which represent SoxB, SoxC and SoxE groups. PhylogeneUc analysis of Sox genes in Tor douronensis provided evidence for fish-specific genome duplication, and suggested that Sox19 might be a teleost specific Sox gene member. Sequence analysis revealed most of the nucleoUde substitutions between duplicated copies of Soxgenes caused by tetreploldlzatlon event or their orthologues in other species are silent substitutions. It would appear that the sequences are under purifying selective pressure, strongly suggesting that they represent functional genes and supporting selection against all null allele at either of two duplicated loci of Sox4a, Sox9a and Sox9b. Surprising variations of the intron length and similarities of two duplicated copies of Soxga and Sox9b, suggest that Tor douronensis might be an allotetreploidy.