Larger ectoparasites of the Idaho ground squirrel ( Spermophilus brunneus )

We sampled both subspecies of the Idaho ground squirrel ( Spermophilus brunneus ) to document the larger ectoparasites of this rare endemic. S. b. brunneus was host (+ = new host record, ? = new Idaho record) to 4 flea species ( Neopsylla inopina + , Oropsylla idahoensis + , O. tuberculata , and Thrassis pandorae +), 1 tick ( Ixodes sculptus +), and an eyeworm (Nematoda: Rhabditis orbitalis ? + , also 1st records from Seiuridae); S. b. endemicus was host to a louse species ( Neohaematopinus laeviusculus +), 5 flea taxa ( Rhadinopsylla sp. + , O. t. tuberculata, Thrassis f. francisi + , T. f. barnest + , and T. f. rockwoodi ), and a mite ( Androlaelaps fahrenholzi +). Spermophilus brunneus had fewer known ectoparasite species than other congeners. Although all of their parasites had many other hosts, S. b. endemicus and S. b. brunneus shared only a single parasite species in common, whereas all but one of their ectoparasites also occurred on the closely related Townsend's ground squirrel ( S. townsendii ). The proportion of parasitized individuals and the parasite loads per individual were significantly lower in S. b. brunneus , which lives in small, isolated populations, than in S. b. endemicus , which has larger, less fragmented populations, suggesting a relationship between host population structure, parasite loads, and parasite species diversity. All but one of the flea species have been linked to plague transmission.     

Mediation of virion penetration into vascular cells by association of basic fibroblast growth factor with herpes simplex virus type 1

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous pathogen that is associated with considerable morbidity in the general population. Although it is known that the virion uses a basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor to penetrate vascular cells, it is not known how the viral particle recognizes and binds to this cell surface protein. Here we report that an immunoreactive basic FGF-like protein is associated with the viral particle and that this association appears responsible for viral uptake. Accordingly, HSV-1 infection of Swiss 3T3 cells stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the specific substrate that characterizes the initial cellular response to basic FGF. Antibodies to basic FGF prevent this phosphorylation and inhibit HSV-1 uptake. Because no basic FGF sequence is found in the HSV-1 genome, a model for the infection for some target cells is presented whereby the viral particle uses host cell-derived basic FGF to ensure subsequent infectivity of newly replicated virus.     

拟南芥bHLH家族转录因子DYT1在花药发育过程中调控胼胝质降解(英文)

胼胝质的合成和降解是雄配子体减数分裂过程中的一个重要特征,对后期花粉成熟有重要作用.在此研究中,分离到了一个雄性不育突变体msl57,该突变体的绒毡层分化及胼胝质降解过程出现异常,导致花粉败育.图位克隆和遗传分析表明:MSl57基因与bHLI-I家族转录因子DYTI(At4g21330)是同一基因.因此,将ms157突变体改名为dyt1-2.反式激活作用实验揭示了DYTI的激活功能域位于基因的250 ～504bp之间.通过酵母双杂交实验发现DYT1蛋白在体内可以形成同源二聚体来执行其功能.RT-PCR及定量PCR分析表明胼胝质酶相关基因A6的表达在突变体背景下严重下调.因此,DVF1通过调控胼胝质的降解来影响花药发育过程.     

浑善达克沙漠化防治重点生态系统功能区防风固沙功能动态特征分析

浑善达克沙漠化防治重点生态系统功能区是位于内蒙古地区维护国家北方生态安全屏障的重要区域.本文基于气象、遥感数据,运用RWEQ(Revised Wind Erosion Equation)模型,定量分析了1990—2015年浑善达克防风固沙功能区生态系统结构与防风固沙功能的时空变化特征,揭示了生态系统结构变化对防风固沙服务功能的影响.结果表明:26年间各生态系统间转换强烈,以草地生态系统转出为主,2005年之前主要向农田生态系统和荒漠生态系统转变,2005年以后得益于生态建设工程的实施和禁牧封育等措施,主要向草地、森林生态系统转变.研究区以微度和轻度土壤侵蚀为主,风蚀情况整体好转.农田生态退耕、荒漠化程度减轻、草地质量提高等生态系统转换有益于提升防风固沙功能.同时,也揭示了该功能区内生态退耕对防风固沙服务功能的影响,两者呈显著负相关.     

语言自主性学习理论评述

人本主义心理学认为学习者具有发展潜能的能力和动力，研究者应促进其个性发展和潜能发挥；社会认知学派通过所构建的研究框架确定学习自主性程度，采用五个维度描述自主学习状态，认为自主学习能力习得是将外部学习技能内化为个人能力的过程；信息加工理论指出完整意义上的自主学习过程经历四个阶段，还构建了自主学习内在机制；元认知理论认为循序渐进的发展过程直接影响自主性学习能力的发展。对各理论学派教育哲学理念进行全面梳理，利于研究者借鉴其成果，从而提出本土化之理论。     

Field behavior and seasonal activity of the rodent bot fly, Cuterebra tenebrosa, central Washington (Diptera: Cuterebridae)

Behavior and activity of the rodent bot fly, Cuterebra tenebrosa Coquillett, was studied at a natural aggregation site in central Washington. Daily flight activity extended from 1700 hr to 2030 hr (PDT) beginning in mid - July of 1970 and 1971. The peak of flight activity, in August, was followed by a decline in activity through September. Male flies aggregated on the vertical faces of basalt cliffs, where they awaited females. Daily activity reached a peak at temperatures of 30 – 35 C. Eggs were laid in rock crevices without regard to the proximity of Neotoma wood rat hosts. Developing fly pupae were found in litter in wood rat tunnels in basalt cliffs.     

Ar1-5 and Ar2-6 aryl participation in ionic and free radical processes

Zusammenfassung Die Beteiligung von Arylgruppen in Solvolysen von 4-Aryl-1-butylhalogeniden und Arylsulfonaten sowie in Reaktionen von freien 4-Aryl-1-butyl-radikalen wird diskutiert. Bei geeignet methoxylierten oder hydroxy-lierten 4-Aryl-1-butylverbindungen kann die Formolyse entweder mit Ar₁-5-oder Ar₁-6-Arylbeteiligung verlaufen. Dies führt zur Bildung von Tetralin. Da bei Ar₁-5-Beteiligung ein Spirocarboniumion entsteht, in welchem entweder C oder C der ursprünglichen Butylseitenkette wandern kann, ist es möglich, dass ein anderes Tetralin geformt wird als auf dem direkteren Ar₂-6-Weg. Als Beispiel dient die Formolysenreaktion von 4-p-Anisyl-4-methyl-1-pentylbrombenzolsulfonat.

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Research supported by the Office of Naval Research. — Research sponsored by the Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Army.