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PR Steinmetz JE Kraus C Larroux JU Hammel A Amon-Hassenzahl E Houliston G Wörheide M Nickel BM Degnan U Technau 《Nature》2012,487(7406):231-234
Striated muscles are present in bilaterian animals (for example, vertebrates, insects and annelids) and some non-bilaterian eumetazoans (that is, cnidarians and ctenophores). The considerable ultrastructural similarity of striated muscles between these animal groups is thought to reflect a common evolutionary origin. Here we show that a muscle protein core set, including a type II myosin heavy chain (MyHC) motor protein characteristic of striated muscles in vertebrates, was already present in unicellular organisms before the origin of multicellular animals. Furthermore, 'striated muscle' and 'non-muscle' myhc orthologues are expressed differentially in two sponges, compatible with a functional diversification before the origin of true muscles and the subsequent use of striated muscle MyHC in fast-contracting smooth and striated muscle. Cnidarians and ctenophores possess striated muscle myhc orthologues but lack crucial components of bilaterian striated muscles, such as genes that code for titin and the troponin complex, suggesting the convergent evolution of striated muscles. Consistently, jellyfish orthologues of a shared set of bilaterian Z-disc proteins are not associated with striated muscles, but are instead expressed elsewhere or ubiquitously. The independent evolution of eumetazoan striated muscles through the addition of new proteins to a pre-existing, ancestral contractile apparatus may serve as a model for the evolution of complex animal cell types. 相似文献
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Jakobsson M Scholz SW Scheet P Gibbs JR VanLiere JM Fung HC Szpiech ZA Degnan JH Wang K Guerreiro R Bras JM Schymick JC Hernandez DG Traynor BJ Simon-Sanchez J Matarin M Britton A van de Leemput J Rafferty I Bucan M Cann HM Hardy JA Rosenberg NA Singleton AB 《Nature》2008,451(7181):998-1003
Genome-wide patterns of variation across individuals provide a powerful source of data for uncovering the history of migration, range expansion, and adaptation of the human species. However, high-resolution surveys of variation in genotype, haplotype and copy number have generally focused on a small number of population groups. Here we report the analysis of high-quality genotypes at 525,910 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 396 copy-number-variable loci in a worldwide sample of 29 populations. Analysis of SNP genotypes yields strongly supported fine-scale inferences about population structure. Increasing linkage disequilibrium is observed with increasing geographic distance from Africa, as expected under a serial founder effect for the out-of-Africa spread of human populations. New approaches for haplotype analysis produce inferences about population structure that complement results based on unphased SNPs. Despite a difference from SNPs in the frequency spectrum of the copy-number variants (CNVs) detected--including a comparatively large number of CNVs in previously unexamined populations from Oceania and the Americas--the global distribution of CNVs largely accords with population structure analyses for SNP data sets of similar size. Our results produce new inferences about inter-population variation, support the utility of CNVs in human population-genetic research, and serve as a genomic resource for human-genetic studies in diverse worldwide populations. 相似文献
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Grimson A Srivastava M Fahey B Woodcroft BJ Chiang HR King N Degnan BM Rokhsar DS Bartel DP 《Nature》2008,455(7217):1193-1197
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将36只同一批次体重无明显差异的7周龄C57雄鼠随机分为6组,每组6只,即对照组,模型组,地塞米松(dexamethasone, DXM)组及雷公藤红素(celastrol, Cel)低、中、高剂量组(1.5、3、6 mg/kg),连续灌胃7 d后尾静脉注射20 mg/kg刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A, ConA),地塞米松(0.5 mg/kg)于刀豆蛋白给药前1 h腹腔注射.注射8 h后处死小鼠,取其血清分别检测白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及天冬氨酸转移酶(AST)的含量.取小鼠肝脾称重计算脏器系数,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察肝组织病理改变,用实时定量PCR法(RT-qPCR法)检测肝组织中相关基因mRNA的表达水平,流式细胞术检测脾脏中巨噬细胞的极化方向,从而研究雷公藤红素对刀豆蛋白A诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制.结果显示:相较于正常组,模型组小鼠的肝组织明显发生急性肝炎,其小叶结构紊乱,肝细胞结构破坏,汇管区炎症细胞浸润,雷公藤... 相似文献
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Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA 总被引:72,自引:0,他引:72
Pasquinelli AE Reinhart BJ Slack F Martindale MQ Kuroda MI Maller B Hayward DC Ball EE Degnan B Müller P Spring J Srinivasan A Fishman M Finnerty J Corbo J Levine M Leahy P Davidson E Ruvkun G 《Nature》2000,408(6808):86-89
Two small RNAs regulate the timing of Caenorhabditis elegans development. Transition from the first to the second larval stage fates requires the 22-nucleotide lin-4 RNA, and transition from late larval to adult cell fates requires the 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA. The lin-4 and let-7 RNA genes are not homologous to each other, but are each complementary to sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of a set of protein-coding target genes that are normally negatively regulated by the RNAs. Here we have detected let-7 RNAs of approximately 21 nucleotides in samples from a wide range of animal species, including vertebrate, ascidian, hemichordate, mollusc, annelid and arthropod, but not in RNAs from several cnidarian and poriferan species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli or Arabidopsis. We did not detect lin-4 RNA in these species. We found that let-7 temporal regulation is also conserved: let-7 RNA expression is first detected at late larval stages in C. elegans and Drosophila, at 48 hours after fertilization in zebrafish, and in adult stages of annelids and molluscs. The let-7 regulatory RNA may control late temporal transitions during development across animal phylogeny. 相似文献
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