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Linear models are invariant under non-singular, scale-preserving linear transformations, whereas mean square forecast errors (MSFEs) are not. Different rankings may result across models or methods from choosing alternative yet isomorphic representations of a process. One approach can dominate others for comparisons in levels, yet lose to another for differences, to a second for cointegrating vectors and to a third for combinations of variables. The potential for switches in ranking is related to criticisms of the inadequacy of MSFE against encompassing criteria, which are invariant under linear transforms and entail MSFE dominance. An invariant evaluation criterion which avoids misleading outcomes is examined in a Monte Carlo study of forecasting methods. 相似文献
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Clustering the rows and columns of a contingency table 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Michael J. Greenacre 《Journal of Classification》1988,5(1):39-51
A number of ways of investigating heterogeneity in a two-way contingency table are reviewed. In particular, we consider chi-square decompositions of the Pearson chi-square statistic with respect to the nodes of a hierarchical clustering of the rows and/or the columns of the table. A cut-off point which indicates significant clustering may be defined on the binary trees associated with the respective row and column cluster analyses. This approach provides a simple graphical procedure which is useful in interpreting a significant chi-square statistic of a contingency table.The author gratefully acknowledges the constructive comments of the referees and the editor. 相似文献
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Microstructure and functional morphology of the Early Cambrian problematical fossil Rhombocorniculum
Rhombocorniculum cancellatum from the Lower Cambrian of southern Shaanxi Province (South China) is represented by the dextral and sinistral tooth-like sclerites (both in nearly equal numbers), indicating that the body plan of the organism with these sclerites probably was bilaterian. The main feature of the microstructure of the sclerites is the presence of longitudinally arranged, mutually contiguous hollow tubules, the shared walls consisting of microcrystalline apatite. In transverse cross sections, the sclerite wall mainly exhibits a spongy structure, with pore size decreasing adapically. Functional morphological analysis indicates that the sclerites serve as a defensive rather than a grasping function. 相似文献
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细菌与细菌之间的信息交流--革兰氏阴性细菌的Quorum-Sensing系统 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
人们长期以来一直认为细菌是以单个细胞的方式生存于自然界的.但是,自从10年前研究人员发现细菌与细菌之间存在着相互间的信息交流后,人们改变了对细菌的生存方式和其生理习性的认识.细菌其实是具有协同作战能力的多细胞习性微生物,而这种能力的形成需要依赖细胞与细胞之间的信息交流.细菌之间的信息交流涉及到细菌的多种生理功能、细菌致病能力以及细菌对抗菌素的耐药等方面.因此,了解和研究细菌的这一机制,阻断其信息交流,也许能达到削减细菌毒力的目的.文中将借助国外的最新报道,结合作者的研究成果,介绍细菌与细菌之间信息系统的由来,该系统的调节机制,研究该系统的手段、意义以及前景展望等. 相似文献
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Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) describes the coherent interaction between matter and an electromagnetic field confined within a resonator structure, and is providing a useful platform for developing concepts in quantum information processing. By using high-quality resonators, a strong coupling regime can be reached experimentally in which atoms coherently exchange a photon with a single light-field mode many times before dissipation sets in. This has led to fundamental studies with both microwave and optical resonators. To meet the challenges posed by quantum state engineering and quantum information processing, recent experiments have focused on laser cooling and trapping of atoms inside an optical cavity. However, the tremendous degree of control over atomic gases achieved with Bose-Einstein condensation has so far not been used for cavity QED. Here we achieve the strong coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the quantized field of an ultrahigh-finesse optical cavity and present a measurement of its eigenenergy spectrum. This is a conceptually new regime of cavity QED, in which all atoms occupy a single mode of a matter-wave field and couple identically to the light field, sharing a single excitation. This opens possibilities ranging from quantum communication to a wealth of new phenomena that can be expected in the many-body physics of quantum gases with cavity-mediated interactions. 相似文献
8.
Cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
Jin YH Clark AB Slebos RJ Al-Refai H Taylor JA Kunkel TA Resnick MA Gordenin DA 《Nature genetics》2003,34(3):326-329
Most errors that arise during DNA replication can be corrected by DNA polymerase proofreading or by post-replication mismatch repair (MMR). Inactivation of both mutation-avoidance systems results in extremely high mutability that can lead to error catastrophe. High mutability and the likelihood of cancer can be caused by mutations and epigenetic changes that reduce MMR. Hypermutability can also be caused by external factors that directly inhibit MMR. Identifying such factors has important implications for understanding the role of the environment in genome stability. We found that chronic exposure of yeast to environmentally relevant concentrations of cadmium, a known human carcinogen, can result in extreme hypermutability. The mutation specificity along with responses in proofreading-deficient and MMR-deficient mutants indicate that cadmium reduces the capacity for MMR of small misalignments and base-base mismatches. In extracts of human cells, cadmium inhibited at least one step leading to mismatch removal. Together, our data show that a high level of genetic instability can result from environmental impediment of a mutation-avoidance system. 相似文献
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Chiang C Jacobsen JC Ernst C Hanscom C Heilbut A Blumenthal I Mills RE Kirby A Lindgren AM Rudiger SR McLaughlan CJ Bawden CS Reid SJ Faull RL Snell RG Hall IM Shen Y Ohsumi TK Borowsky ML Daly MJ Lee C Morton CC MacDonald ME Gusella JF Talkowski ME 《Nature genetics》2012,44(4):390-7, S1
We defined the genetic landscape of balanced chromosomal rearrangements at nucleotide resolution by sequencing 141 breakpoints from cytogenetically interpreted translocations and inversions. We confirm that the recently described phenomenon of 'chromothripsis' (massive chromosomal shattering and reorganization) is not unique to cancer cells but also occurs in the germline, where it can resolve to a relatively balanced state with frequent inversions. We detected a high incidence of complex rearrangements (19.2%) and substantially less reliance on microhomology (31%) than previously observed in benign copy-number variants (CNVs). We compared these results to experimentally generated DNA breakage-repair by sequencing seven transgenic animals, revealing extensive rearrangement of the transgene and host genome with similar complexity to human germline alterations. Inversion was the most common rearrangement, suggesting that a combined mechanism involving template switching and non-homologous repair mediates the formation of balanced complex rearrangements that are viable, stably replicated and transmitted unaltered to subsequent generations. 相似文献
10.
Gary Kordosky Michael Virnig Burrel Boley 《清华大学学报》2006,11(2):160-164
Introduction Copper solvent extraction (SX) is a well known proc-ess for copper recovery from a wide variety of leach solutions. Until recently, typical leach solutions con-tained 0.5 to 8 g/L Cu at 15 to 25℃ . In the past 5 years there has been signific… 相似文献