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IntroductionThemultimodelapproachappearsasapowerfultechniquetodealwithcomplex,nonlinearand/orilldefinedsystemsrepresentedusingasetofsimplelinearorsmoothlynonlinearmodelseachofthemallowingthegenerationofapartialcontroller.Differentapproachesexistintheliterature[1,2]tocopewiththetwokeypointsofthemultimodel/multicontrolstrategy:themodelbasisdeterminationandtheuseofpartialcontrollersinordertoderiveaglobalone.Hence,itappearsobviousthatoneofthemainobjectstofocusoninthemultimodel/multicontrolapproach… 相似文献
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设计并制作了一种新型长光程薄层光谱电化学池,其具有光程长、灵敏度高、重现性好等特点,且组装简便,电极容易更换,溶液未补偿电阻小,溶液用量少.易清洗.电解池以石墨为工作电极,分别用循环伏安、交流阻抗技术、光谱恒电位技术对其性能进行测试,得到比较满意的结果. 相似文献
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医疗垃圾属于一类危险废物,必须进行无害化处理。文章论述了医疗垃圾的特性和危害性,对重庆市三峡库区目前医疗垃圾管理和处理的现状进行了分析,针对其特点,提出对三峡库区医疗垃圾有效的管理措施和进行分区集中处理,具体分析了医疗垃圾处理技术方案:分类收集、密闭运输、预处理、焚烧、完全填埋等。通过无害化处理后,杜绝医疗垃圾对环境的污染,以保护三峡库区生态环境和水资源。 相似文献
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介绍了客户关系管理(CRM)的概念及内涵,通过对我国旅行社客户关系管理现状的分析,提出了我国旅行社实施CRM系统的两种基本策略,即自行建设策略和外包策略,并探讨了实施CRM时应处理好的几个问题。 相似文献
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针对传统异步电机直接转矩控制系统在低速运行状态下存在磁链轨迹发生波动、转矩脉动大的问题,提出一种新型异步电机直接转矩控制策略。采用滑模控制和空间矢量脉宽调制技术(SVPWM: Space Voltage Pwlse-Width Modulation), 引入滑模控制器, 以提高系统对参数变化和外界干扰的鲁棒性。利用空间电压矢量脉宽调制技术产生系统所需要的任意期望空间电压矢量, 使磁链轨迹更趋近于圆形, 即降低了转矩和磁链脉动,又增强了系统的鲁棒性。同时引入无速度传感器技术, 以提高系统工程应用性。通过在Matlab/ Simulink软件仿真结果表明, 新型直接转矩控制系统改善了磁链轨迹波动并有效地降低了转矩脉动, 使转速估计具有较高精度。 相似文献
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Silicon in the Earth's core 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Small isotopic differences between the silicate minerals in planets may have developed as a result of processes associated with core formation, or from evaporative losses during accretion as the planets were built up. Basalts from the Earth and the Moon do indeed appear to have iron isotopic compositions that are slightly heavy relative to those from Mars, Vesta and primitive undifferentiated meteorites (chondrites). Explanations for these differences have included evaporation during the 'giant impact' that created the Moon (when a Mars-sized body collided with the young Earth). However, lithium and magnesium, lighter elements with comparable volatility, reveal no such differences, rendering evaporation unlikely as an explanation. Here we show that the silicon isotopic compositions of basaltic rocks from the Earth and the Moon are also distinctly heavy. A likely cause is that silicon is one of the light elements in the Earth's core. We show that both the direction and magnitude of the silicon isotopic effect are in accord with current theory based on the stiffness of bonding in metal and silicate. The similar isotopic composition of the bulk silicate Earth and the Moon is consistent with the recent proposal that there was large-scale isotopic equilibration during the giant impact. We conclude that Si was already incorporated as a light element in the Earth's core before the Moon formed. 相似文献
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Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Foerster K Coulson T Sheldon BC Pemberton JM Clutton-Brock TH Kruuk LE 《Nature》2007,447(7148):1107-1110
Evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. Evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. However, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than the observed values, and the reason for this is unknown. The potential role of sexually antagonistic selection in maintaining genetic variation has received little attention in this debate, surprisingly given its potential ubiquity in dioecious organisms. At fitness-related loci, a given genotype may be selected in opposite directions in the two sexes. Such sexually antagonistic selection will reduce the otherwise-expected positive genetic correlation between male and female fitness. Both theory and experimental data suggest that males and females of the same species may have divergent genetic optima, but supporting data from wild populations are still scarce. Here we present evidence for sexually antagonistic fitness variation in a natural population, using data from a long-term study of red deer (Cervus elaphus). We show that male red deer with relatively high fitness fathered, on average, daughters with relatively low fitness. This was due to a negative genetic correlation between estimates of fitness in males and females. In particular, we show that selection favours males that carry low breeding values for female fitness. Our results demonstrate that sexually antagonistic selection can lead to a trade-off between the optimal genotypes for males and females; this mechanism will have profound effects on the operation of selection and the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations. 相似文献
10.
Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sabeti PC Varilly P Fry B Lohmueller J Hostetter E Cotsapas C Xie X Byrne EH McCarroll SA Gaudet R Schaffner SF Lander ES;International HapMap Consortium Frazer KA Ballinger DG Cox DR Hinds DA Stuve LL Gibbs RA Belmont JW Boudreau A Hardenbol P Leal SM Pasternak S Wheeler DA Willis TD Yu F Yang H Zeng C Gao Y Hu H Hu W Li C Lin W Liu S Pan H Tang X Wang J Wang W Yu J Zhang B Zhang Q Zhao H Zhao H Zhou J Gabriel SB Barry R Blumenstiel B Camargo A Defelice M Faggart M Goyette M Gupta S Moore J 《Nature》2007,449(7164):913-918
With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia. 相似文献