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排序方式: 共有518条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean 总被引:70,自引:0,他引:70
Coale KH Johnson KS Fitzwater SE Gordon RM Tanner S Chavez FP Ferioli L Sakamoto C Rogers P Millero F Steinberg P Nightingale P Cooper D Cochlan WP Landry MR Constantinou J Rollwagen G Trasvina A Kudela R 《Nature》1996,383(6600):495-501
The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability. 相似文献
2.
Is there a decline in marine phytoplankton? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
McQuatters-Gollop A Reid PC Edwards M Burkill PH Castellani C Batten S Gieskes W Beare D Bidigare RR Head E Johnson R Kahru M Koslow JA Pena A 《Nature》2011,472(7342):E6-7; discussion E8-9
3.
A baseline study was conducted on an 83-km free-flowing reach of the Snake River between Swan Falls Dam and the Idaho-Oregon border. The research had 2 components: (1) field characterization and inventory of existing riparian flora, vegetation, and environment (soils, topography, streamflow), and (2) determination and mapping, using a geographic information system, of historic changes in riparian vegetation based on a time series (1938-39, 1957, 1969, 1987) of aerial photographs. The flora was diverse, with 185 species of vascular plants identified, 63 of which were exotics. Vegetation was structured vertically along the riverbank gradient into lifeform-defined habitat types: emergent, riparian shrub-forb, tree, transitional grass-shrub, and upland. Riverbank seepage, probably of agricultural origin, blurred zonation patterns on some sites and added species to the overall flora. Upstream-downstream differences existed in the physical characteristics and vegetation of river subreaches. Coverage of riparian woodland, island riparian and total riparian vegetation, and area of islands increased since the 1930s, with the greatest changes in the 1969-1987 interval. Possible contributing facts were (1) significant declines in annual minimum flows since the 1950s, (2) decreases in peak flows following the completion of Swan Falls Dam and some upstream dams since the 1920s, (3) introduction and spread of exotic tree species ( Elaeagnus angustifolia and Tamarix spp.) and (4) possible effects of intensive agriculture on river sediment load and soil nutrients. The introduction and proliferation of purple loosestrife ( Lythrum salicaria ) could have considerable future effects on vegetation-channel dynamics in the middle Snake River. 相似文献
4.
5.
Optical imaging is a promising method to identify and locate 2D materials efficiently and non-invasively. By putting a 2D material on a substrate, the nanolayer will add to an optical path and create a contrast to the case when the nanolayer is absent. This optical contrast imaging can be used to identify the 2D material and its number of layers. To make the optical imaging process in the laboratories an effective tool, Fresnel Law as a model was used to simulate the optical imaging results of 2D materials(graphene, Mo S2 and MoSe_2) on top of different thickness of SiO_2 and Si wafer in the present investigation. The results provide the details of the optimal conditions(optimal light wavelength and optimal SiO_2 thickness) to identify and locate single to few 2D nanolayers, which can be used directly in laboratories. The optical contrasts of 1–5 layers of molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2) and molybdenum diselenide(MoSe_2) were simulated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the optical contrast results of MoSe_2 have been reported. In particular, this work highlights the sensitivity of the model on the accuracy of the refractive indices used. It is demonstrated that through computational modeling that optical contrast can allow effective determination of number of layers in few layer 2D materials. 相似文献
6.
Coupling superconducting qubits via a cavity bus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Majer J Chow JM Gambetta JM Koch J Johnson BR Schreier JA Frunzio L Schuster DI Houck AA Wallraff A Blais A Devoret MH Girvin SM Schoelkopf RJ 《Nature》2007,449(7161):443-447
Superconducting circuits are promising candidates for constructing quantum bits (qubits) in a quantum computer; single-qubit operations are now routine, and several examples of two-qubit interactions and gates have been demonstrated. These experiments show that two nearby qubits can be readily coupled with local interactions. Performing gate operations between an arbitrary pair of distant qubits is highly desirable for any quantum computer architecture, but has not yet been demonstrated. An efficient way to achieve this goal is to couple the qubits to a 'quantum bus', which distributes quantum information among the qubits. Here we show the implementation of such a quantum bus, using microwave photons confined in a transmission line cavity, to couple two superconducting qubits on opposite sides of a chip. The interaction is mediated by the exchange of virtual rather than real photons, avoiding cavity-induced loss. Using fast control of the qubits to switch the coupling effectively on and off, we demonstrate coherent transfer of quantum states between the qubits. The cavity is also used to perform multiplexed control and measurement of the qubit states. This approach can be expanded to more than two qubits, and is an attractive architecture for quantum information processing on a chip. 相似文献
7.
International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies Ehret GB Munroe PB Rice KM Bochud M Johnson AD Chasman DI Smith AV Tobin MD Verwoert GC Hwang SJ Pihur V Vollenweider P O'Reilly PF Amin N Bragg-Gresham JL Teumer A Glazer NL Launer L Zhao JH Aulchenko Y Heath S Sõber S Parsa A Luan J Arora P Dehghan A Zhang F Lucas G Hicks AA Jackson AU Peden JF Tanaka T Wild SH Rudan I Igl W Milaneschi Y Parker AN Fava C Chambers JC Fox ER Kumari M Go MJ van der Harst P Kao WH 《Nature》2011,478(7367):103-109
Blood pressure is a heritable trait influenced by several biological pathways and responsive to environmental stimuli. Over one billion people worldwide have hypertension (≥140?mm?Hg systolic blood pressure or ≥90?mm?Hg diastolic blood pressure). Even small increments in blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This genome-wide association study of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which used a multi-stage design in 200,000 individuals of European descent, identified sixteen novel loci: six of these loci contain genes previously known or suspected to regulate blood pressure (GUCY1A3-GUCY1B3, NPR3-C5orf23, ADM, FURIN-FES, GOSR2, GNAS-EDN3); the other ten provide new clues to blood pressure physiology. A genetic risk score based on 29 genome-wide significant variants was associated with hypertension, left ventricular wall thickness, stroke and coronary artery disease, but not kidney disease or kidney function. We also observed associations with blood pressure in East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry individuals. Our findings provide new insights into the genetics and biology of blood pressure, and suggest potential novel therapeutic pathways for cardiovascular disease prevention. 相似文献
8.
Cederwall B Moradi FG Bäck T Johnson A Blomqvist J Clément E de France G Wadsworth R Andgren K Lagergren K Dijon A Jaworski G Liotta R Qi C Nyakó BM Nyberg J Palacz M Al-Azri H Algora A de Angelis G Ataç A Bhattacharyya S Brock T Brown JR Davies P Di Nitto A Dombrádi Z Gadea A Gál J Hadinia B Johnston-Theasby F Joshi P Juhász K Julin R Jungclaus A Kalinka G Kara SO Khaplanov A Kownacki J La Rana G Lenzi SM Molnár J Moro R Napoli DR Singh BS Persson A Recchia F Sandzelius M Scheurer JN Sletten G 《Nature》2011,469(7328):68-71
Shell structure and magic numbers in atomic nuclei were generally explained by pioneering work that introduced a strong spin-orbit interaction to the nuclear shell model potential. However, knowledge of nuclear forces and the mechanisms governing the structure of nuclei, in particular far from stability, is still incomplete. In nuclei with equal neutron and proton numbers (N = Z), enhanced correlations arise between neutrons and protons (two distinct types of fermions) that occupy orbitals with the same quantum numbers. Such correlations have been predicted to favour an unusual type of nuclear superfluidity, termed isoscalar neutron-proton pairing, in addition to normal isovector pairing. Despite many experimental efforts, these predictions have not been confirmed. Here we report the experimental observation of excited states in the N = Z = 46 nucleus (92)Pd. Gamma rays emitted following the (58)Ni((36)Ar,2n)(92)Pd fusion-evaporation reaction were identified using a combination of state-of-the-art high-resolution γ-ray, charged-particle and neutron detector systems. Our results reveal evidence for a spin-aligned, isoscalar neutron-proton coupling scheme, different from the previous prediction. We suggest that this coupling scheme replaces normal superfluidity (characterized by seniority coupling) in the ground and low-lying excited states of the heaviest N = Z nuclei. Such strong, isoscalar neutron-proton correlations would have a considerable impact on the nuclear level structure and possibly influence the dynamics of rapid proton capture in stellar nucleosynthesis. 相似文献
9.
Rothberg JM Hinz W Rearick TM Schultz J Mileski W Davey M Leamon JH Johnson K Milgrew MJ Edwards M Hoon J Simons JF Marran D Myers JW Davidson JF Branting A Nobile JR Puc BP Light D Clark TA Huber M Branciforte JT Stoner IB Cawley SE Lyons M Fu Y Homer N Sedova M Miao X Reed B Sabina J Feierstein E Schorn M Alanjary M Dimalanta E Dressman D Kasinskas R Sokolsky T Fidanza JA Namsaraev E McKernan KJ Williams A Roth GT Bustillo J 《Nature》2011,475(7356):348-352
The seminal importance of DNA sequencing to the life sciences, biotechnology and medicine has driven the search for more scalable and lower-cost solutions. Here we describe a DNA sequencing technology in which scalable, low-cost semiconductor manufacturing techniques are used to make an integrated circuit able to directly perform non-optical DNA sequencing of genomes. Sequence data are obtained by directly sensing the ions produced by template-directed DNA polymerase synthesis using all-natural nucleotides on this massively parallel semiconductor-sensing device or ion chip. The ion chip contains ion-sensitive, field-effect transistor-based sensors in perfect register with 1.2 million wells, which provide confinement and allow parallel, simultaneous detection of independent sequencing reactions. Use of the most widely used technology for constructing integrated circuits, the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, allows for low-cost, large-scale production and scaling of the device to higher densities and larger array sizes. We show the performance of the system by sequencing three bacterial genomes, its robustness and scalability by producing ion chips with up to 10 times as many sensors and sequencing a human genome. 相似文献
10.
Supermassive black holes are now thought to lie at the heart of every giant galaxy with a spheroidal component, including our own Milky Way. The birth and growth of the first 'seed' black holes in the earlier Universe, however, is observationally unconstrained and we are only beginning to piece together a scenario for their subsequent evolution. Here we report that the nearby dwarf starburst galaxy Henize?2-10 (refs 5 and 6) contains a compact radio source at the dynamical centre of the galaxy that is spatially coincident with a hard X-ray source. From these observations, we conclude that Henize?2-10 harbours an actively accreting central black hole with a mass of approximately one million solar masses. This nearby dwarf galaxy, simultaneously hosting a massive black hole and an extreme burst of star formation, is analogous in many ways to galaxies in the infant Universe during the early stages of black-hole growth and galaxy mass assembly. Our results confirm that nearby star-forming dwarf galaxies can indeed form massive black holes, and that by implication so can their primordial counterparts. Moreover, the lack of a substantial spheroidal component in Henize?2-10 indicates that supermassive black-hole growth may precede the build-up of galaxy spheroids. 相似文献