New evidence of a 38-chromosomes karyotype in South American populations of the roof rat,Rattus Rattus L. (rodentia,muridae)

Resumen En dos poblaciones deRattus rattus, una de Mehuin (Valdivia, Chile) y otra de Capripe (Monagas, Venezuela), se encontró un cariotipo de 2n=38 cromosomas en todos los individuos estudiados. Este cariotipo corresponde al que presentan en forma monomórfica otras poblaciones de la rata negra de América del Sur y de Italia, y diffiere del cariotipo normal de la especie, que es de 42 cromosomas. Se postula que las distintas poblaciones sudamericans deRattus rattus deben haber invadido el Continente, acompañando al hombre, en distintas irrupciones, a partir de una forma de 38 cromosomas de origen mediterráneo.     

Mixed-Vehicular Aggregated Transportation Network Design Considering En-route Recharge Service Provision for Electric Vehicles

This paper addresses the transportation network design problem (NDP) wherein the distance limit and en-route recharge of electric vehicles are taken into account. Specifically, in this work, the network design problem aims to select the optimal planning policy from a set of infrastructure design scenarios considering both road expansions and charging station allocations under a specified construction budget. The user-equilibrium mixed-vehicular traffic assignment problem with en-route recharge (MVTAP-ER) is formulated into a novel convex optimization model and extended to a newly developed bi-level program of the aggregated NDP integrating recharge facility allocation (NDP-RFA). In the algorithmic framework, a convex optimization technique and a tailored GA are adopted for, respectively, solving the subproblem MVTAP-ER and the primal problem NDP-RFA. Systematic experiments are conducted to test the efficacy of the proposed approaches. The results highlight the impacts of distance limits and budget levels on the project selection and evaluation, and the benefits of considering both road improvement policy and recharge service provision as compared to accounting for the latter only. The results also report that the two design objectives, to respectively minimize the total system travel time and vehicle miles travelled, are conflicting for certain scenarios.     

The molecular basis for scent discrimination: Response to nitrobenzene-d5 of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) conditioned with nitrobenzene

Zusammenfassung Honigbienen,Apis mellifera L., wurden dressiert, Zuckersirup an Stellen zu sammeln die mit Nitrobenzol markiert waren. Wenn Nitrobenzol oder Nitrobenzol-d ₅ zur Auswahl standen, konnten die Bienen nicht zwischen diesen Analogen unterscheiden. Dieses Ergebnis stimmt mit der Überlegung überein, dass die Chemorezeptormechanismen mit Elektronenmustern odereffekten zusammenhängen und nicht auf Oszillations-und Rotationsfrequenz, Dipolmoment oder anderen Masseneffekten an Molekülen beruhen.

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Acknowledgment: Dr.R. L. Feltham, Chemistry Dept., andK. R. Armstrong, Lunar and Planetary Lab., University of Arizona, obtained the far-IR-spectra.Othon Ziehl assisted in bioassays.     

多项式微分系统的不变直线的不同斜率的最大个数

本文证明了公式β（ｎ）＝σ（ｎ－１）＋１其中α（ｎ－１）是ｎ－１次多项式微分系统的不为直线的最多条数，βｎ）是ｎ次多项式微分系统的不变直线的不同斜率的最大个数。这里假设所讨论的多项式系统只有限条不变直线。     

Becoming a Darwinian: the micro-politics of Sir Francis Galton's scientific career 1859-65

In 1865 Francis Galton (1822-1911) published 'Hereditary Talent and Character', an elaborate attempt to prove the heritability of intelligence on the basis of pedigree data. It was the start of Galton's lifelong commitment to investigating the statistical patterns and physiological mechanisms of hereditary transmission. Most existing attempts to explain Galton's fascination for heredity have argued that he was driven by a commitment to conservative political ideologies to seek means of naturalizing human inequality. However, this paper shows that another factor of at least equal importance has been overlooked by Galton scholars: his determination during the 1860s to be accepted among the ranks of the Darwinian inner circle. By hitching his career to the fortunes of what looked likely to emerge as a new scientific elite, Galton felt that he could bypass the typically slow and uncertain route to achieving scientific distinction. For this essentially strategic reason, between 1860 and 1865 he drifted away from a set of existing scientific concerns that were failing to deliver the approbation that he desired. Earnestly seeking to ingratiate himself with the Darwinian lobby, he then toyed with a variety of potential research projects relevant to Darwinian evolution. Yet Galton consistently failed to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Darwinians. Finally, however, after several months of ruminating, in 1864 he settled on a study of eminent pedigrees as a subject that was both germane and highly useful to the Darwinian enterprise. Galton's willingness to shift the direction of his scientific career during the 1860s underscores the importance of examining the micro-politics of scientific careers in addition to their broader social and political context. This account also emphasizes the limitations of class-based explanations even when considering scientists whose work seems so manifestly indicative of ideological motivation.     

Becoming a Darwinian: the Micro‐politics of Sir Francis Galton's Scientific Career 1859–65

In 1865 Francis Galton (1822–1911) published ‘Hereditary Talent and Character’, an elaborate attempt to prove the heritability of intelligence on the basis of pedigree data. It was the start of Galton's lifelong commitment to investigating the statistical patterns and physiological mechanisms of hereditary transmission. Most existing attempts to explain Galton's fascination for heredity have argued that he was driven by a commitment to conservative political ideologies to seek means of naturalizing human inequality. However, this paper shows that another factor of at least equal importance has been overlooked by Galton scholars: his determination during the 1860s to be accepted among the ranks of the Darwinian inner circle. By hitching his career to the fortunes of what looked likely to emerge as a new scientific elite, Galton felt that he could bypass the typically slow and uncertain route to achieving scientific distinction. For this essentially strategic reason, between 1860 and 1865 he drifted away from a set of existing scientific concerns that were failing to deliver the approbation that he desired. Earnestly seeking to ingratiate himself with the Darwinian lobby, he then toyed with a variety of potential research projects relevant to Darwinian evolution. Yet Galton consistently failed to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Darwinians. Finally, however, after several months of ruminating, in 1864 he settled on a study of eminent pedigrees as a subject that was both germane and highly useful to the Darwinian enterprise. Galton's willingness to shift the direction of his scientific career during the 1860s underscores the importance of examining the micro‐politics of scientific careers in addition to their broader social and political context. This account also emphasizes the limitations of class‐based explanations even when considering scientists whose work seems so manifestly indicative of ideological motivation.     

Synthesis of a polypeptide with ACTH-like structure

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Synthese eines Icosapeptides, das aus den zwanzig ersten Aminosäuren des N-Endes eines ACTH Moleküls aufgebaut ist, berichtet. Das synthetische Produkt besitzt eine schwache ACTH-Wirkung.