全文获取类型
收费全文 | 57057篇 |
免费 | 534篇 |
国内免费 | 877篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 1481篇 |
丛书文集 | 218篇 |
教育与普及 | 415篇 |
理论与方法论 | 537篇 |
现状及发展 | 30492篇 |
研究方法 | 531篇 |
综合类 | 22605篇 |
自然研究 | 2189篇 |
出版年
2014年 | 624篇 |
2013年 | 1056篇 |
2012年 | 795篇 |
2011年 | 2858篇 |
2010年 | 671篇 |
2009年 | 905篇 |
2008年 | 1081篇 |
2007年 | 1171篇 |
2006年 | 1184篇 |
2005年 | 1388篇 |
2004年 | 2462篇 |
2003年 | 1968篇 |
2002年 | 1668篇 |
2001年 | 1332篇 |
2000年 | 885篇 |
1999年 | 1035篇 |
1998年 | 826篇 |
1997年 | 934篇 |
1996年 | 676篇 |
1995年 | 529篇 |
1994年 | 797篇 |
1993年 | 785篇 |
1992年 | 891篇 |
1991年 | 765篇 |
1990年 | 816篇 |
1989年 | 666篇 |
1988年 | 646篇 |
1987年 | 626篇 |
1986年 | 680篇 |
1985年 | 823篇 |
1984年 | 729篇 |
1983年 | 617篇 |
1982年 | 762篇 |
1981年 | 801篇 |
1980年 | 881篇 |
1979年 | 1257篇 |
1978年 | 1153篇 |
1977年 | 1142篇 |
1976年 | 1041篇 |
1975年 | 1019篇 |
1974年 | 843篇 |
1973年 | 1108篇 |
1972年 | 1154篇 |
1971年 | 1184篇 |
1970年 | 1279篇 |
1969年 | 1131篇 |
1968年 | 1090篇 |
1967年 | 961篇 |
1966年 | 848篇 |
1965年 | 669篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition. 相似文献
2.
从“十四五”保护与发展的生态关系角度,探讨了生态保护与绿色发展的十大生态关系,阐述了生态保护和绿色发展中的一系列有关生态关系的生态智慧及生态技术,并对长江、黄河等流域的生态保护和修复提出了相关建议。 相似文献
3.
R.S.K. Barnes 《Journal of Natural History》2018,52(1-2):87-113
Areas of the Knysna estuarine bay in the Western Cape are dominated by three endemic South African truncatelloid microgastropods, temporarily known as ‘Hydrobia’ knysnaensis (Krauss), ‘Assiminea’ capensis (Sowerby) and ‘Assiminea’ globulus Connolly. Although first described 80–170 years ago and present in abundance (up to 100,000 m?2), they remain surrounded by confusion and still await taxonomic assignment, largely because they appear most atypical members of their groups by virtue of anatomy and/or biogeography and/or habitat. This study contributes in-life perspectives to morphological and phylogenetic analyses known to be on-going. At Knysna, they are syntopic: at least two occurring in >85% and all three in >40% of individual 0.0026 m2 samples from their region of dominance. Nevertheless, they tend to greater abundance in divergent microhabitats; ‘A.’ globulus dominating higher tidal levels, and ‘A.’ capensis and ‘Hydrobia’ lower ones; the former especially unvegetated sediment, the latter, if anything, seagrass. Interspecific feeding interactions appear unlikely to be responsible for these patterns, other evidence suggesting that all are maintained below carrying capacity. Field biology of ‘H.’ knysnaensis generally appears equivalent to that of northern-hemisphere intertidal hydrobiids and that of ‘A.’ globulus is typically assimineid, albeit at atypically low shore height. Unlike assimineids, however, ‘A.’ capensis is truly aquatic. The success of these truncatelloids in unusual circumstances may be consequent on the absence from South Africa of other microgastropod groups that fill their niches elsewhere in the southern hemisphere. 相似文献
4.
This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of 10 measures of core inflation and evaluates which measure produces the best forecast of headline inflation out‐of‐sample. We use the Personal Consumption Expenditure Price Index as our measure of inflation. We use two sets of components (17 and 50) of the Personal Consumption Expenditure Price Index to construct these core inflation measures and evaluate these measures at the three time horizons (6, 12 and 24 months) most relevant for monetary policy decisions. The best measure of core inflation for both sets of components and over all time horizons uses weights based on the first principal component of the disaggregated (component‐level) prices. Interestingly, the results vary by the number of components used; when more components are used the weights based on the persistence of each component is statistically equivalent to the weights generated by the first principal component. However, those forecasts using the persistence of 50 components are statistically worse than those generated using the first principal component of 17 components. The statistical superiority of the principal component method is due to the fact that it extracts (in the first principal component) the common source of variation in the component level prices that accurately describes trend inflation over the next 6–24 months. 相似文献
5.
6.
隐性知识反馈环结构是创新研究系统的核心结构,运用组织管理系统动力学理论,进行科研创新系统隐性知识生产转化系统仿真研究,以南昌大学系统动力学创新团队研究系统为例,分析确定该系统的隐性知识量、显性知识量、创新投资量、团队人员数和创新成果量五个核心变量,运用新建的逐枝建模和逐树仿真技术建立五棵流率基本入树模型及其等价流图模型.运用枝向量行列式新增反馈环计算法,计算出系统包含创新成果流位作用于隐性知识流入率的第一类反馈环五条,团队成员数作用于隐性知识流入率第二类正反馈环十条.然后,结合模型的仿真曲线和仿真数据,对第一类反馈环进行极性转移仿真分析和主导反馈环转移仿真分析,对第二类正反馈环进行正反馈环的作用分析,以及"原始创新度"低对这十条正反馈环的制约分析,并基于上述十五条反馈环特性仿真分析结果提出四条创新研究系统发展对策. 相似文献
7.
<正>也不是没人研究过男性避孕药,只是面对这"野火烧不尽,春风吹又生"的精子们,科学家们绞尽脑汁却依旧所获不多。避孕,是男女两个人的事,但在选择避孕方式上,女性安装宫内节育器的比例要比男性做输精管结扎术的比例大得多,市面上的避孕药品也几乎都偏向于女性。像宫内节育器这样的避孕措施对女性的伤害还真不小。最可怕的是有很多女性即使带上宫内节育器还会有怀孕的情况,而这样的情况往往会导致宫外孕。 相似文献
8.
采用文献资料法,依次从学理脉络、统计内容及其实施策略展开关于体育消费以及体育消费统计的讨论。认为:从学理上看,体育消费作为一个复杂概念,既牵涉宏观经济社会发展,也与文化意识形态紧密联系;而作为准确把握体育市场、把脉体育发展情况的基础性工作之一,体育消费统计则应该避免将体育消费概念泛化。应以体育政策为导向,面向人民的美好生活需要,对接国民经济统计制度,考虑建构以“体育教育与培训、体育文化与娱乐、体育保健与康复、体育传媒与信息、体育衣着耐用品、其他体育用品与服务、个人间接体育消费”为核心指标的统计框架,并通过长效工作方案的设计使体育消费统计工作制度化,通过统计调查制度的建构使体育消费统计执行有效化,通过统计数据的测算推算使体育消费统计结果精准化。 相似文献
9.
首次对刺纹车轮虫(TrichodinacentrostrigataBasson,VanAs & Paperna, 1983)进行了 18S rDNA 的克隆测序并分析,研究结果显示:刺纹车轮虫是一种具有辐射状中央颗粒的淡水车轮虫,具有相对较高的 GC 含量而位于分子系统树的顶枝,它与海水环境中的车轮虫具有较高的序列相似性及较近的遗传距离从而聚为一枝。研究提示刺纹车轮虫具有较强的宿主适应性,在系统进化中分化较晚并与海水种类具有较近的亲缘关系;此外,车轮虫的同源性与 18S rDNA序列相似性、遗传距离具明显相关性,GC 含量与分子支序树分枝具有明显相关性。
相似文献
相似文献
10.
Raza Syed Arshad Siddiqui Atiq W. Standing Craig 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2019,32(2):125-153
Systemic Practice and Action Research - Most of the traditional technology acceptance models revolve around information systems (IS)/information technology (IT) adoption at individual user level.... 相似文献