Fusimotor effects on position and velocity sensitivity of muscle spindles

Zusammenfassung Primäre und sekundäre Muskelspindelendigungen der Katze wurden mit sowie ohne statische und dynamische -Aktivierung, bei periodischer Dehnung und Entspannung über einen weiten Geschwindigkeitsbereich untersucht. Es wurde die Lage- und Geschwindigkeitsempfindlichkeit bestimmt; dabei wurden 2 Typen statischer -Effekte bei den primären wie auch sekundären Endigungen beobachtet.

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This work was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 14X-544-02), and by Karolinska Institutet (Reservationsanslaget för främjande av ograduerade forskares vetenskapliga verksamhet).     

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: an amazing biochemical odyssey from substrate to product

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) catalyzes one of the most remarkable reactions ever described in biological chemistry, in which carbamoyl phosphate is produced from one molecule of bicarbonate, two molecules of Mg2+ ATP, and one molecule of either glutamine or ammonia. The carbamoyl phosphate so produced is utilized in the synthesis of arginine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is also employed in the urea cycle in most terrestrial vertebrates. Due to its large size, its important metabolic role, and the fact that it is highly regulated, CPS has been the focus of intensive investigation for nearly 40 years. Numerous enzymological, biochemical, and biophysical studies by a variety of investigators have led to a quite detailed understanding of CPS. Perhaps one of the most significant advances on this topic within the last 2 years has been the successful X-ray crystallographic analysis of CPS from Escherichia coli. Quite unexpectedly, this structural investigation revealed that the three active sites on the protein are widely separated from one another. Furthermore, these active sites are connected by a molecular tunnel with a total length of approximately 100 A, suggesting that CPS utilizes this channel to facilitate the translocation of reaction intermediates from one site to another. In this review, we highlight the recent biochemical and X-ray crystallographic results that have led to a more complete understanding of this finely tuned instrument of catalysis.     

Responses of primary muscle spindle endings at constant or changing muscle length to variations in fusimotor activation

Zusammenfassung Statische oder dynamische-Fasern primärer Muskelspindelendigungen in den Fussextensoren der Katze wurden mit sich ändernden Frequenzen gereizt: Nur Stimulation statischer-Fasern mit steigender Frequenz bei gleichzeitiger Muskelverkürzung erhöht die Entladungsgeschwindigkeit primärer Endigungen, wie sie in physiologisch induzierten Bewegungen gesehen wird.

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This work was supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 14X-544-02), and by Karolinska Institutet (Reservations anslaget för främjande av ograduerade forskares vetenskapliga verksamhet).