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The intestinal mucosa faces the challenge of regulating the balance between immune tolerance towards commensal bacteria, environmental
stimuli and food antigens on the one hand, and induction of efficient immune responses against invading pathogens on the other
hand. This regulatory task is of critical importance to prevent inappropriate immune activation that may otherwise lead to
chronic inflammation, tissue disruption and organ dysfunction. The most striking example for the efficacy of the adaptive
nature of the intestinal mucosa is birth. Whereas the body surfaces are protected from environmental and microbial exposure
during fetal life, bacterial colonization and contact with potent immunostimulatory substances start immediately after birth.
In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the transition of the intestinal mucosa
during the neonatal period leading to the establishment of a stable, life-long host–microbial homeostasis. The environmental
exposure and microbial colonization during the neonatal period, and also the influence of maternal milk on the immune protection
of the mucosa and the role of antimicrobial peptides, are described. We further highlight the molecular mechanisms of innate
immune tolerance in neonatal intestinal epithelium. Finally, we link the described immunoregulatory mechanisms to the increased
susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases during the neonatal period. 相似文献
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