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Wesch D Peters C Oberg HH Pietschmann K Kabelitz D 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2011,68(14):2357-2370
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern-recognition receptors that recognize a broad variety of structurally conserved molecules
derived from microbes. The recognition of TLR ligands functions as a primary sensor of the innate immune system, leading to
subsequent indirect activation of the adaptive immunity as well as none-immune cells. However, TLR are also expressed by several
T cell subsets, and the respective ligands can directly modulate their effector functions. The present review summarizes the
recent findings of γδ T cell modulation by TLR ligands. TLR1/2/6, 3, and 5 ligands can act directly in combination with T
cell receptor (TCR) stimulation to enhance cytokine/chemokine production of freshly isolated human γδ T cells. In contrast
to human γδ T cells, murine and bovine γδ T cells can directly respond to TLR2 ligands with increased proliferation and cytokine
production in a TCR-independent manner. Indirect stimulatory effects on IFN-γ production of human and murine γδ T cells via
TLR-ligand activated dendritic cells have been described for TLR2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 ligands. In addition, TLR3 and 7 ligands
indirectly increase tumor cell lysis by human γδ T cells, whereas ligation of TLR8 abolishes the suppressive activity of human
tumor-infiltrating Vδ1 γδ T cells on αβ T cells and dendritic cells. Taken together, these data suggest that TLR-mediated
signals received by γδ T cells enhance the initiation of adaptive immune responses during bacterial and viral infection directly
or indirectly. Moreover, TLR ligands enhance cytotoxic tumor responses of γδ T cells and regulate the suppressive capacity
of γδ T cells. 相似文献
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene maps to chromosome 11 and is lost in insulinoma 总被引:64,自引:0,他引:64
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) is a predisposition to hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands, and to hyperplasia or tumours of the anterior pituitary and the endocrine pancreas, and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Here we map the MEN-1 locus to chromosome 11 by family studies, and demonstrate tight linkage with the human muscle phosphorylase gene. By comparing constitutional and tumour tissue genotypes of insulinomas from a pair of brothers who had inherited MEN-1 from their mother, we have shown that oncogenesis in these cases involves unmasking of a recessive mutation at this locus. 相似文献
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Mecher E Gallego-Gómez F Tillmann H Hörhold HH Hummelen JC Meerholz K 《Nature》2002,418(6901):959-964
Among the various applications for reversible holographic storage media, a particularly interesting one is time-gated holographic imaging (TGHI). This technique could provide a noninvasive medical diagnosis tool, related to optical coherence tomography. In this technique, biological samples are illuminated within their transparency window with near-infrared light, and information about subsurface features is obtained by a detection method that distinguishes between reflected photons originating from a certain depth and those scattered from various depths. Such an application requires reversible holographic storage media with very high sensitivity in the near-infrared. Photorefractive materials, in particular certain amorphous organic systems, are in principle promising candidate media, but their sensitivity has so far been too low, mainly owing to their long response times in the near-infrared. Here we introduce an organic photorefractive material -- a composite based on the poly(arylene vinylene) copolymer TPD-PPV -- that exhibits favourable near-infrared characteristics. We show that pre-illumination of this material at a shorter wavelength before holographic recording improves the response time by a factor of 40. This process was found to be reversible. We demonstrate multiple holographic recording with this technique at video rate under practical conditions. 相似文献
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A regulatory polymorphism in PDCD1 is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in humans 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
Prokunina L Castillejo-López C Oberg F Gunnarsson I Berg L Magnusson V Brookes AJ Tentler D Kristjansdóttir H Gröndal G Bolstad AI Svenungsson E Lundberg I Sturfelt G Jönssen A Truedsson L Lima G Alcocer-Varela J Jonsson R Gyllensten UB Harley JB Alarcón-Segovia D Steinsson K Alarcón-Riquelme ME 《Nature genetics》2002,32(4):666-669
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