房地产建安工程成本控制措施浅谈

房地产建安工程成本是房地产成本管理的重要工作,实现开发利润最大化的主要措施之一。论文根据房地产建安工程成本控制的实际经验,总结了成本控制的具体措施及方法。     

The activation of membrane ATPase by ouabain in several tissues of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) in the absence of potassium

Summary The activity of the membrane ATPase of 5 organs of the golden hamster was increased by 10^–7–10^–3 moles/l ouabain in K⁺-free medium. In similar experiments on rats no increase was observed.     

项目引导型模式在电工电子实验教学中的应用

电工电子实验是电类人才教育的基础,直接影响着电类创新型人才的培养,而长期以来电工电子实验的教学模式因循守旧,已经不符合时代的需要。文中着力研究项目引导型实验教学模式在电工电子教学改革中的应用,通过改革内容、教学方法和评价体系三个方面的探索,证明了此模式对于提高学生的自主学习积极性、动手能力以及创新能力有着积极的效果。此项研究为电工电子实验教学改革以及创新型人才培养提供了一种有效途径,具有一定的现实意义。     

A RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor spatially regulates growth in root hair cells

Root hairs are cellular protuberances extending from the root surface into the soil; there they provide access to immobile inorganic ions such as phosphate, which are essential for growth. Their cylindrical shape results from a polarized mechanism of cell expansion called tip growth in which elongation is restricted to a small area at the surface of the hair-forming cell (trichoblast) tip. Here we identify proteins that spatially control the sites at which cell growth occurs by isolating Arabidopsis mutants (scn1) that develop ectopic sites of growth on trichoblasts. We cloned SCN1 and showed that SCN1 is a RhoGTPase GDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) that spatially restricts the sites of growth to a single point on the trichoblast. We showed previously that localized production of reactive oxygen species by RHD2/AtrbohC NADPH oxidase is required for hair growth; here we show that SCN1/AtrhoGDI1 is a component of the mechanism that focuses RHD2/AtrbohC-catalysed production of reactive oxygen species to hair tips during wild-type development. We propose that the spatial organization of growth in plant cells requires the local RhoGDI-regulated activation of the RHD2/AtrbohC NADPH oxidase.     

A spontaneous chicken chimaera

Summary Among hybrids of the inbred lines, a chicken was found to be chimaeric in red blood cells and skin cells and to produce 3 types of sperm cells. This bird could have originated either from the fusion of 2 blastoderms or from the fertilization and fusion of the oocyte and the 2nd polar body.The authors wish to thank Professor Morten Simonsen. Institute for Experimental Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, and Dr Vincenzo Miggiano, Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel for stimulating and critical discussion, and Professor Milan Haek, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, for his interest and advice.     

Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index

Obesity is globally prevalent and highly heritable, but its underlying genetic factors remain largely elusive. To identify genetic loci for obesity susceptibility, we examined associations between body mass index and ～ 2.8 million SNPs in up to 123,865 individuals with targeted follow up of 42 SNPs in up to 125,931 additional individuals. We confirmed 14 known obesity susceptibility loci and identified 18 new loci associated with body mass index (P < 5 × 10??), one of which includes a copy number variant near GPRC5B. Some loci (at MC4R, POMC, SH2B1 and BDNF) map near key hypothalamic regulators of energy balance, and one of these loci is near GIPR, an incretin receptor. Furthermore, genes in other newly associated loci may provide new insights into human body weight regulation.     

Identification of the gene responsible for methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type

Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type (OMIM 277400), is the most common inborn error of vitamin B(12) (cobalamin) metabolism, with about 250 known cases. Affected individuals have developmental, hematological, neurological, metabolic, ophthalmologic and dermatologic clinical findings. Although considered a disease of infancy or childhood, some individuals develop symptoms in adulthood. The cblC locus was mapped to chromosome region 1p by linkage analysis. We refined the chromosomal interval using homozygosity mapping and haplotype analyses and identified the MMACHC gene. In 204 individuals, 42 different mutations were identified, many consistent with a loss of function of the protein product. One mutation, 271dupA, accounted for 40% of all disease alleles. Transduction of wild-type MMACHC into immortalized cblC fibroblast cell lines corrected the cellular phenotype. Molecular modeling predicts that the C-terminal region of the gene product folds similarly to TonB, a bacterial protein involved in energy transduction for cobalamin uptake.     

A common variant of HMGA2 is associated with adult and childhood height in the general population

Human height is a classic, highly heritable quantitative trait. To begin to identify genetic variants influencing height, we examined genome-wide association data from 4,921 individuals. Common variants in the HMGA2 oncogene, exemplified by rs1042725, were associated with height (P = 4 x 10(-8)). HMGA2 is also a strong biological candidate for height, as rare, severe mutations in this gene alter body size in mice and humans, so we tested rs1042725 in additional samples. We confirmed the association in 19,064 adults from four further studies (P = 3 x 10(-11), overall P = 4 x 10(-16), including the genome-wide association data). We also observed the association in children (P = 1 x 10(-6), N = 6,827) and a tall/short case-control study (P = 4 x 10(-6), N = 3,207). We estimate that rs1042725 explains approximately 0.3% of population variation in height (approximately 0.4 cm increased adult height per C allele). There are few examples of common genetic variants reproducibly associated with human quantitativetraits; these results represent, to our knowledge, the first consistently replicated association with adult and childhood height.     

Organ culture of rat skeletal muscle subjected to intermittent activity

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode angegeben, um die wichtigen biochemischen und pharmakologischen Untersuchungen an Muskulatur (Rattenmuskel) bei Erhaltung der mechanischen Aktivität über 8 Tage durchzuführen.