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The recent excitement about neural networks 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The remarkable properties of some recent computer algorithms for neural networks seemed to promise a fresh approach to understanding the computational properties of the brain. Unfortunately most of these neural nets are unrealistic in important respects. 相似文献
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General model for the chromosomes of higher organisms 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
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ATM phosphorylation of Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein is required in a DNA damage response 总被引:48,自引:0,他引:48
Wu X Ranganathan V Weisman DS Heine WF Ciccone DN O'Neill TB Crick KE Pierce KA Lane WS Rathbun G Livingston DM Weaver DT 《Nature》2000,405(6785):477-482
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is characterized by extreme radiation sensitivity, chromosomal instability and cancer. The phenotypes are similar to those of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) disease, where there is a deficiency in a protein kinase that is activated by DNA damage, indicating that the Nbs and Atm proteins may participate in common pathways. Here we report that Nbs is specifically phosphorylated in response to gamma-radiation, ultraviolet light and exposure to hydroxyurea. Phosphorylation of Nbs mediated by gamma-radiation, but not that induced by hydroxyurea or ultraviolet light, was markedly reduced in ATM cells. In vivo, Nbs was phosphorylated on many serine residues, of which S343, S397 and S615 were phosphorylated by Atm in vitro. At least two of these sites were underphosphorylated in ATM cells. Inactivation of these serines by mutation partially abrogated Atm-dependent phosphorylation. Reconstituting NBS cells with a mutant form of Nbs that cannot be phosphorylated at selected, ATM-dependent serine residues led to a specific reduction in clonogenic survival after gamma-radiation. Thus, phosphorylation of Nbs by Atm is critical for certain responses of human cells to DNA damage. 相似文献
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Interfering component of vesicular stomatitis virus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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