迷向周期和方法在β-簪结构折褶模拟中的应用

采用新近提出的迷向周期和方法（IPS），结合自导Lang evin动态模拟，模拟研究9-余肽折褶成β-箨结构的情况，表明了该结构与NMR观察到的基本一致，而Ewald模拟由于是强烈的镜像相互作用会产生构型偏差，获得致密构型的几率增大，表明IPS方法更适合于周期边界条件的模拟。     

工作在短毫米波段的雷达系统

目前正在研制一系列工作在100～1000千兆赫频段的雷达系统。为达到特定用途的少数专用雷达已经使用这个频段。本文对短毫米波雷达作一概述。介绍新的IEEE标准雷达定义和IEEE标准雷达波段名称(以字母命名),并对此频段的过渡特性作了说明。文中指出短毫米波雷达的可能应用场合和主要优点。介绍了若干有代表性的民用和军用雷达的技术特性。可以看出,这些雷达中的某些特征很相似,而另外一些特征则相差很远。在这篇述评中,还讨论了未来的发展趋势和存在的问题。     

物理科学中的妇女:从苦工到发现者

我们应该怎样利用历史上的范例来增进妇女参加科学事业? 苦役与发现本讨论将科学研究分为两类。第一类包括对自然界的系统观察,作实验,结果的合理分类,寻找规则性和经验公式以及计算理论假设的结果。第二类研究将导致这样一种发现:一种不被预期的结果,并且可以迫使我们改变我们对于世界的观念。它可能是一种新的元素、化学化合物、彗星或者数学定理——但是,再多一个发现不见得对科学有重大的影响。因此,我将保留“发现”这个词乃指理论和实验结果是重要到足以值     

Mineral sulphide-lime reactions and effect of CaO/C mole ratio during carbothermic reduction of complex mineral sulphides

Mineral sulphide (MS)-lime (CaO) ion exchange reactions (MS + CaO = MO + CaS) and the effect of CaO/C mole ratio during carbothermic reduction (MS + CaO + C = M + CaS + CO(g)) were investigated for complex froth flotation mineral sulphide concentrates. Phases in the partially and fully reacted samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The primary phases during mineral sulphide-lime ion exchange reactions are Fe₃O₄, CaSO₄ Cu₂S, and CaS. A complex liquid phase of Ca₂CuFeO₃S forms during mineral sulphide-lime exchange reactions above 1173 K. The formation mechanisms of Ca₂CuFeO₃S liquid phase are determined by characterising the partially reacted samples. The reduction rate and extent of mineral sulphides in the presence of CaO and C increase with the increase in CaO/C ratio. The metallic phases are surrounded by the CaS rich phase at CaO/C > 1, but the metallic phases and CaS are found as separate phases at CaO/C < 1. Experimental results show that the stoichiometric ratio of carbon should be slightly higher than that of CaO. The reactions between CaO and gangue minerals (SiO₂ and Al₂O₃) are only observed at CaO/C > 1 and the reacted samples are excessively sintered.     

蜥蜴生态学觅食方式的进化结果

蜥蜴的觅食方式一直是蜥蜴生物学研究中的一个核心主题,引领该领域的研究已有三十多年。觅食方式被认为是在塑造蜥蜴的食性、生态、行为、解剖、生物力学、生活史和生理学等方面提供的一个可信服的进化力量。本专著汇集了27位学者的文稿,     

柴达木盆地苏干湖年纹层岩芯摇蚊记录的过去1000年干旱区湿度变化及其意义

利用柴达木盆地苏干湖具有年纹层的沉积岩芯, 以摇蚊亚化石分析恢复了研究区近千年来10年分辨率的湿度演变历史. 研究表明, 苏干湖岩芯中的摇蚊亚化石主要由高咸水属种Psectrocladius barbimanus-type和Orthocladius/Cricotopus与低咸水属种Procladius和Psectrocladius sordidellus-type组成, 依据其相对丰度的变化, 结合摇蚊-盐度转换函数重建的盐度波动, 区域过去1000年湿度变化可划分为3个阶段: 990~1550 AD为气候整体干旱期、1550~1840 AD为气候整体湿润期、1840~2000 AD为全球变暖下的气候再次干旱期. 高分辨率的记录还发现, 在年代际到百年尺度上, 存在1200~1230 AD干旱背景下的湿润阶段和1590~1700 AD湿润小冰期内部的干旱阶段; 就气候变率而言, 湿润小冰期时段摇蚊种群组合及重建的盐度变化幅度增大, 频率加快, 指示出小冰期气候的不稳定性特征. 该记录得到西风环流影响区的其他古湿度资料支持. 苏干湖高分辨率摇蚊记录的湿润小冰期气候与中国东部季风区降水变化存在明显的差异, 表明中国内陆干旱区和东部季风区湿度变化即使在近1000年来也存在相位差.     

Evolutionary genetics: evolution of mate choice in the wild

Qvarnstr?m et al. test whether the preference of female collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) for males with large forehead patches could have evolved as a by-product of selection acting on male patch size. They find that the crucial genetic correlation between female choice and male patch size is not significant, and conclude that preference for large patches must have been shaped directly by selection. However, their use of the patch size of a female's social partner as a measure of choice is incomplete, and will result in low estimates of the potential for direct selection to shape female preference. Their study is therefore unable to resolve the question of how female preference for large forehead patches has evolved.