Disruption of fragmented parent bodies as the origin of asteroid families

Asteroid families are groups of small bodies that share certain orbit and spectral properties. More than 20 families have now been identified, each believed to have resulted from the collisional break-up of a large parent body in a regime where gravity controls the outcome of the collision more than the material strength of the rock. The size and velocity distributions of the family members provide important constraints for testing our understanding of the break-up process, but erosion and dynamical diffusion of the orbits over time can erase the original signature of the collision. The recently identified young Karin family provides a unique opportunity to study a collisional outcome almost unaffected by orbit evolution. Here we report numerical simulations modelling classes of collisions that reproduce the main characteristics of the Karin family. The sensitivity of the outcome of the collision to the internal structure of the parent body allows us to show that the family must have originated from the break-up of a pre-fragmented parent body, and that all large family members formed by the gravitational reaccumulation of smaller bodies. We argue that most of the identified asteroid families are likely to have had a similar history.     

An extrasolar planetary system with three Neptune-mass planets

Over the past two years, the search for low-mass extrasolar planets has led to the detection of seven so-called 'hot Neptunes' or 'super-Earths' around Sun-like stars. These planets have masses 5-20 times larger than the Earth and are mainly found on close-in orbits with periods of 2-15 days. Here we report a system of three Neptune-mass planets with periods of 8.67, 31.6 and 197 days, orbiting the nearby star HD 69830. This star was already known to show an infrared excess possibly caused by an asteroid belt within 1 au (the Sun-Earth distance). Simulations show that the system is in a dynamically stable configuration. Theoretical calculations favour a mainly rocky composition for both inner planets, while the outer planet probably has a significant gaseous envelope surrounding its rocky/icy core; the outer planet orbits within the habitable zone of this star.     

取代双环4H-1,2-噁嗪衍生物的合成

 通过选择适当的催化剂和Br源,如脯胺酸/NBS,再以DMSO或THF为溶剂,与DBU作用,在双环化合物4H-1,2-苯并噁嗪-7-酮(1)的5,6-位区域选择性引入双键,首次成功合成了4,4a,8,8a-四氢苯并-1,2-噁嗪-7-酮-3-羧酸乙酯(1b),1b与在BF₃·Et₂ O的催化下与对甲苯磺酰肼作用生成新化合物4,4a,8,8a-四氢苯并-1,2-噁嗪-7-酮-3-羧酸乙酯对甲苯磺酰腙(1c),并通过光谱学对所合成的化合物进行了结构确定。     

A multi-stage genome-wide association study of bladder cancer identifies multiple susceptibility loci

We conducted a multi-stage, genome-wide association study of bladder cancer with a primary scan of 591,637 SNPs in 3,532 affected individuals (cases) and 5,120 controls of European descent from five studies followed by a replication strategy, which included 8,382 cases and 48,275 controls from 16 studies. In a combined analysis, we identified three new regions associated with bladder cancer on chromosomes 22q13.1, 19q12 and 2q37.1: rs1014971, (P = 8 × 10?12) maps to a non-genic region of chromosome 22q13.1, rs8102137 (P = 2 × 10?11) on 19q12 maps to CCNE1 and rs11892031 (P = 1 × 10??) maps to the UGT1A cluster on 2q37.1. We confirmed four previously identified genome-wide associations on chromosomes 3q28, 4p16.3, 8q24.21 and 8q24.3, validated previous candidate associations for the GSTM1 deletion (P = 4 × 10?11) and a tag SNP for NAT2 acetylation status (P = 4 × 10?11), and found interactions with smoking in both regions. Our findings on common variants associated with bladder cancer risk should provide new insights into the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.     

取代3-羟基-喹诺酮衍生物的合成和生物活性研究

通过温和的酯化反应,由3-羟基取代喹诺酮开始,首次合成了3个新的取代喹诺酮类衍生物,分别为乙酸(3-)7,8二-甲氧基-2(1氢)喹-诺酮酯、月桂酸(3-)7,8二-甲氧基-2(1氢)喹-诺酮酯、山梨酸(3-)7,8二-甲氧基-2(1氢)喹-诺酮酯,通过光谱学对该类化合物进行了结构确定,并用MTT法进行了初步的抗癌活性研究。     

3-溴-2-羟亚胺基-丙酸乙酯及其衍生物的合成

采用以乳酸乙酯、溴代丁二酰亚胺和盐酸羟胺为原料的新工艺,制备了溴代丙酮酸乙酯肟。通过溴代和氧化反应过程中生成的溴代丙酮酸乙酯粗品不需分离,在氯仿和甲醇混合溶剂中,直接与盐酸羟胺缩合,经处理得白色结晶,收率为48%;通过温和的酯化反应,首次合成其衍生物3-溴-1-萘甲酰亚胺基丙酸乙酯(3),并通过了1HNMR,13C-NMR和元素分析等表证。     

Mutations in the chromatin modifier gene KANSL1 cause the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome

We show that haploinsufficiency of KANSL1 is sufficient to cause the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia and distinctive facial features. The KANSL1 protein is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of the chromatin modifier KAT8, which influences gene expression through histone H4 lysine 16 (H4K16) acetylation. RNA sequencing studies in cell lines derived from affected individuals and the presence of learning deficits in Drosophila melanogaster mutants suggest a role for KANSL1 in neuronal processes.     

Seven prostate cancer susceptibility loci identified by a multi-stage genome-wide association study

Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer in developed countries. We conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study for PrCa and previously reported the results of the first two stages, which identified 16 PrCa susceptibility loci. We report here the results of stage 3, in which we evaluated 1,536 SNPs in 4,574 individuals with prostate cancer (cases) and 4,164 controls. We followed up ten new association signals through genotyping in 51,311 samples in 30 studies from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) consortium. In addition to replicating previously reported loci, we identified seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 3q23, 3q26, 5p12, 6p21, 12q13 and Xq12 (P = 4.0 × 10(-8) to P = 2.7 × 10(-24)). We also identified a SNP in TERT more strongly associated with PrCa than that previously reported. More than 40 PrCa susceptibility loci, explaining ～25% of the familial risk in this disease, have now been identified.