Chromosomal rearrangements induced inDrosophila salivary gland chromosomes by an acridine half mustard

Zusammenfassung Bei Kontrolle der Speicheldrüsen ergibt sich, dass die Acridinbehandlung beiDrosophila Komplexinversionen erzeugt.     

System waste in education and research: A Delphi study in India

A concept of system waste has been developed, and reported in the literature, to focus explicitly on waste and its reduction. In this study, which is a part of the authors' ongoing research on system waste, an attempt has been made to estimate current and future system waste in education and research (EDR) in India. The concept of system waste, which is defined as “any unnecessary input to and/or any undesirable output from any system,” is complex, multifaceted, subjective and not generally clearly understood. Its study is a fit case for the use of qualitative group problem-solving techniques. Delphi is the technique which has been used here to learn about system waste. A two-round Delphi study was conducted in 1990 in EDR in which teachers, educational administrators, planners, and parents participated. The paper describes the study and its results.     

Methane drizzle on Titan

Saturn's moon Titan shows landscapes with fluvial features suggestive of hydrology based on liquid methane. Recent efforts in understanding Titan's methane hydrological cycle have focused on occasional cloud outbursts near the south pole or cloud streaks at southern mid-latitudes and the mechanisms of their formation. It is not known, however, if the clouds produce rain or if there are also non-convective clouds, as predicted by several models. Here we show that the in situ data on the methane concentration and temperature profile in Titan's troposphere point to the presence of layered optically thin stratiform clouds. The data indicate an upper methane ice cloud and a lower, barely visible, liquid methane-nitrogen cloud, with a gap in between. The lower, liquid, cloud produces drizzle that reaches the surface. These non-convective methane clouds are quasi-permanent features supported by the global atmospheric circulation, indicating that methane precipitation occurs wherever there is slow upward motion. This drizzle is a persistent component of Titan's methane hydrological cycle and, by wetting the surface on a global scale, plays an active role in the surface geology of Titan.     

Hierarchy and classification of program plan elements using interpretive structural modeling: A case study of energy conservation in the Indian cement industry

A program can be analyzed and studied by dividing it into elements and subelements. Graphical presentation of the driver power and dependence of the subelements of the identified elements assists in their classification in categories representing the nature of the role each subelement plays as a variable in the program. This paper presents methodology for the hierarchy building of subelements, graphical presentation of their driver power and dependence, and classification in categories such as autonomous, dependent, linkages, and independent variables. The paper further presents a case study of energy conservation in the Indian cement industry to determine the hierarchy of program plan elements and to classify them in categories. Key variables of the program are also highlighted.     

Flexible systems methodology

To facilitate the use of systems-based techniques and approaches more systematically, these have been related to each other by different schemes in the past. A review of the literature is presented to highlight the development of cohesive frameworks and use of a spectral and integrative paradigm. An outline of “flexible systems methodology” is provided to resolve the end of continuum paradoxes in the literature in a spectral and integrative manner. The methodology is presented in terms of its purpose, philosophy, paradigm, steps, strengths, and limitations. A case study of energy policy analysis is presented to demonstrate the application of Flexible Systems Methodology.     

Sequencing deliveries to minimize inventory holding cost with dominant upstream supply chain partner

This paper studies a two stage supply chain with a dominant upstream partner. Manufacturer is the dominant partner and operates in a Just-in-Time environment. Production is done in a single manufacturing line capable of producing two products without stopping the production for switching from one product to the other. The manufacturer imposes constraints on the distributor by adhering to his favorable production schedule which minimizes his manufacturing cost. Distributor on the other hand caters to retailers' orders without incurring any shortages and is responsible for managing the inventory of finished goods. Adhering to manufacturer's schedule may lead to high inventory carrying costs for the distributor. Distributor's problem, which is to find an optimal distribution sequence which minimizes the distributor's inventory cost under the constraint imposed by the manufacturer is proved NP-Hard by Manoj et al. (2008). Therefore, solving large size problems require efficient heuristics. We develop algorithms for the distribution problem by exploiting its structural properties. We propose two heuristics and use their solutions in the initial population of a genetic algorithm to arrive at solutions with an average deviation of less than 3.5% from the optimal solution for practical size problems.     

A new species of Ahaetulla Link, 1807 (Serpentes: Colubridae: Ahaetullinae) from India

A new species of vine snake of the genus Ahaetulla is described from peninsular India. The new taxon is a medium-sized arboreal snake, readily distinguished from all other congeners by morphological and genetic differences. The new species appears to be widely distributed in Eastern Ghats and Central India with the western-most distribution extending into eastern Rajasthan. However, it is relatively rare, with only three specimens being acquired over the past nine years.

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