技术创新活动的交往共同体

根据熊彼特的技术创新理论,经济发展的实质就是技术创新活动.在技术创新活动过程中,由于其自身的特点形成了独特的交往形态和交往结构,由此而构成了不同层次的交往共同体:实验室交往共同体、产业交往共同体和消费交往共同体.     

2-［(1’S,2''R)(2''-羟基-1’,2’二苯基乙基)氨基］-3,4-二酮环丁烯硫醇钠的表征与应用 

针对2\[(1’S,2’R)(2’羟基1’,2’二苯基乙基)氨基\]3,4二酮环丁烯硫醇钠的结构，通过元素分析，红外光谱及核磁共振进行了表征，并考察了它与常见金属离子的作用。实验表明，该化合物是一个优良的手性配体。     

The Importance of Writing Course for Second Language Learners

The question"why is writing course for second language learners so important"will be answered and some suggestions on how to write well for second language learners will be advanced.     

Trak1 mutation disrupts GABA(A) receptor homeostasis in hypertonic mice

Hypertonia, which results from motor pathway defects in the central nervous system (CNS), is observed in numerous neurological conditions, including cerebral palsy, stroke, spinal cord injury, stiff-person syndrome, spastic paraplegia, dystonia and Parkinson disease. Mice with mutation in the hypertonic (hyrt) gene exhibit severe hypertonia as their primary symptom. Here we show that hyrt mutant mice have much lower levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors in their CNS, particularly the lower motor neurons, than do wild-type mice, indicating that the hypertonicity of the mutants is likely to be caused by deficits in GABA-mediated motor neuron inhibition. We cloned the responsible gene, trafficking protein, kinesin binding 1 (Trak1), and showed that its protein product interacts with GABA(A) receptors. Our data implicate Trak1 as a crucial regulator of GABA(A) receptor homeostasis and underscore the importance of hyrt mice as a model for studying the molecular etiology of hypertonia associated with human neurological diseases.     

Selective effect of burn injury on splenic CD11c+ dendritic cells and CD8α+CD4−CD11c+ dendritic cell subsets

Burn injury causes an immunosuppression associated with suppressed adaptive immune function. Dendritic cells (DCs) are APCs for which signaling via their Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces their maturation and activation, which is essential for the adaptive immune response. In this study, we examined if burn injury alters the TLR activity of splenic DCs. After injury, we noticed that DC functions were impaired, characterized by a suppressed capacity to prime naive T cells when triggering the TLR4 signaling cascade using specific ligands (LPS or rHSP60). The observed perturbations on LPS-primed DCs isolated from burned mice exhibited significantly diminished IL-12p40 production and enhanced IL-10 secretion-associated impairment in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Interestingly, we observed a decrease of TLR4/MD-2 expression on the CD8α⁺ DC subset that persisted following LPS stimulation. The altered TLR4 expression on LPS-stimulated CD8α⁺ DCs was associated with reduced capacity to produce IL-12 after stimulation. Our results suggested that TLR4 reactivity on DCs, especially CD8α⁺ DCs, is disturbed after burn injury.