Component and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles excavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai,China

Noodles are a global food, but the periods when and places where they were made and originated, as well as their ingredients and the cooking methods used to manu- facture them, have remained contentious. In the 2005 edi- tion of the journal Nature, we wrote a summary of the millet noodle specimens found in the Late Neolithic Qijia cultural stratum of the Lajia archaeological site in Qinghai Province, China. However, how the ancient people made millet noodles remains controversial. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the remains of noodles found within an earthenware bowl at the Lajia ＂noodle house＂ in terms of their plant composition including phytoliths, starch and biomarkers. It provides evidence of how people used millet 4,000 years ago and, most specifically, of the principal methods used for producing millet-based noodles. Further, we show how we used traditional hele tools to make hele millet noodles, with especial reference to the gelatinized hydrogel-forming method, to simulate morphology con- sistent with the composition and form of the unearthed millet noodles. The results of this study provide new evi- dence and new insights into the cultural characteristics of the prehistoric human diet.     

大型无人机机场选址方法

随着大型无人机系统的技术发展越来越成熟,针对大型无人机专用机场的选址研究已经成为极具前瞻性的课题。根据大型无人机的运行特点,将大型无人机机场选址的复杂影响因素按其重要性和选址阶段性归纳为限制性因素、风险性因素、经济性因素3个等级,在此基础上,提出一种地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)、熵权法-优劣解距离法(entropy weight method-technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution, EWM-TOPSIS)模型、p-中值模型相集成的综合选址方法。首先,利用GIS的空间分析功能获取多个满足限制性因素的初选址区域;其次,利用熵权-TOPSIS模型从初选址区域中筛选出风险较小的预选址区域;然后,利用p-中值模型从预选址区域中确定经济性较好的终选址区域。通过对面向支线物流的大型无人机机场选址的案例分析,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性,极大地提高了选址的时间效率。     

中国EGS示范工程靶区选址与指标矩阵评价

 选择理想靶区建立中国第一个EGS 示范工程,在中国节能减排及应对全球气候变化过程中具有重大的战略意义。根据全国大地热流图、居里面深度图、新构造运动图、酸性岩体分布图,通过剖面分析,将中国EGS 靶区分为板块构造活动、近代火山、沉积盆地和酸性岩体分布4 种类型,分析了各类型干热岩靶区的产热特征。遴选了10 个靶区通过建立指标体系进行EGS 示范工程选址指标分析,指标包括大地热流、热储岩性、覆盖层厚度、居里面深度、地应力(构造历史)、放射性生热率、地温梯度、区域经济8 个指标,在对指标分析打分的基础上最终确定羊八井、阳江、漳州、福州等为中国EGS 潜在靶区。通过典型地区的热结构剖面分析说明了评价结果的合理性。     

十二烷基硫酸钠胶束体系中硝基苯的增溶量与增溶位置

研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dedocyl sulfate, SDS)胶束体系对硝基苯的增溶作用, 考察了SDS浓度和SDS溶液中的NaCl质量浓度对硝基苯增溶作用的影响, 采用核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)技术确定了硝基苯在SDS胶束中的增溶位置. 实验结果表明, 硝基苯的增溶量既随SDS浓度的增加而增加, 也随SDS溶液中NaCl质量浓度的增加而增加. 硝基苯在SDS胶束中的增溶位置靠近SDS的疏水内核.     

山西太行山区造林树种决策模型研究

应用多目标模糊决策方法建立了太行山造林树种选择模型。通过热量、海拔、水分、土壤肥力、地形和土层厚度等6个限制造林树种因子和34种常见树种建立的模型．与实际森林分布和太行山造林典型设计比较基本相符。模型可以作为造林典型设计的依据。     

模式生物基因序列的识别

真核生物的全基因组序列可分为三种:外显子、内含子和基因间序列.基于剪切位点附近序列的保守性,序列的组分特征和编码序列阅读框存在三周期性,三种序列的标准离散源由序列上64个三联体的概率和5′端与3′尾剪切位点附近(共30位点)上4个碱基的概率,共184个参数构成.某条序列的类型就可以由该序列的离散量与上面三个标准离散源的离散量之间的离散增量最小值决定.当标准离散源具有184个信息参数时预测率比64参数预测的成功率至少提高4.61%,前者的预测成功率依次如下:线虫88.37%,酵母菌90.72%,拟南芥91.08%,果蝇92.28%,大肠杆菌92.88%.对预测成功的和错误的两类序列进行比较,发现这些预测错误序列的184个参数值与其预测结果所属的那类序列本身的参数值十分类似.     

Function and molecular evolution of multicopper blue proteins

Multicopper blue proteins (MCBPs) are multidomain proteins that utilize the distinctive redox ability of copper ions. There are a variety of MCBPs that have been roughly classified into three different groups, based on their domain organization and functions: (i) nitrite reductase-type with two domains, (ii) laccase-type with three domains, and (iii) ceruloplasmin-type with six domains. Together, the second and third group are often commonly called multicopper oxidases (MCOs). The rapid accumulation of genome sequence information in recent years has revealed several new types of proteins containing MCBP domains, mainly from bacteria. In this review, the recent research on the functions and structures of MCBPs is summarized, mainly focusing on the new types. The latter half of this review focusses on the twodomain MCBPs, which we propose as the evolutionary intermediate of the MCBP family.Received 25 February 2005; received after revision 23 May 2005; accepted 31 May 2005     

Cysteine Not Required for Catalytic Activity of Adenosine Deaminase

ＣｙｓｔｅｉｎｅＮｏｔＲｅｑｕｉｒｅｄｆｏｒＣａｔａｌｙｔｉｃＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＡｄｅｎｏｓｉｎｅＤｅａｍｉｎａｓｅ＊ＣｈａｎｇＺｅｎｇｙｉ（昌增益），ＤａｖｉｄＫ．Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ＋，ＲｏｄｎｅｙＥ．Ｋｅｌｅｍｓ＋，ＦｌｏｒａｎｔｅＡ．Ｑｕｉｏｃｈｏ...     

Localization of integrated adenovirus DNA in the hamster genome

Adenovirus DNA integrated into the genomes of adenovirus-transformed hamster cells or of adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-induced hamster tumor cells can be located at many different chromosomal sites. This raises the question as to whether distinct isochores of the hamster cell genome might be more accessible to recombination with adenovirus DNA. In Ad12- or Ad2-transformed hamster cell lines, and in Ad12 revertants, the investigated integrated viral DNA sequences were assigned to isochore families by analyzing DNA fractions from preparative CsCl density gradients for their buoyant densities (and, therefore, GC levels) and for the presence of viral DNA. Adenovirus DNA sequences were found in different isochores, which did not generally match the base composition of viral sequences. This is in apparent contrast to what was previously observed with retroviral integration. However, in cell lines carried in culture for many years, the viral DNA sequences might have been transposed to different isochore positions, since the host sequences flanking the viral DNA appear to have been conserved.Received 6 July 2004; received after revision 23 August 2004; accepted 6 October 2004