连云港近岸海域底栖动物群落组成及多样性特征

在2005年秋对连云港的大型碱厂近海、港区近海和核电站近海的底栖动物进行取样调查，对比研究了不同强干扰环境下底栖动物群落组成及多样性特征， 分析了调查海域环境污染状况.研究表明： 多毛类和软体动物在三个海域中都为优势种类，分别占42.703%，51.352%，56.03%和46.085%，38.145%，32.034%；Shannon-Wiener 指数和均匀度指数的平均值均属核电站海域最大， 分别为3.184和0.868，最小为碱厂海域；丰富度指数的平均值属港区海域最大，为1.416，最小仍为碱厂海域；底栖动物栖息密度值与沉积物中值粒径之间大致呈相反关系；三个海域的28个调查站位中，JC01站底栖动物群落结构受到干扰稍大.     

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITIY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

生物多样性是生命系统的基本特征,也是生物有机体及其与环境之间复合而成的生态系统和各种有关生态过程的总和.生物多样性主要包括三个层次基因多样性、物种多样性，生态系统多样性.中国的幅员辽阔,生境复杂,气候多变,历史悠久,拥有丰富的植物、动物和微生物种类及不同的生态系统类型.多年来,我国采取了一系列措施和行动,旨在保护生物多样性,促进国家经济、人类社会和自然生态系统的持续发展.     

Microhabitat diversity of Svalbard Bryozoa

Bryozoans are one of the major macrofaunal groups of the high polar regions. Here we present data on the nature of bryozoan assemblages in the Svalbard Archipelago sampled over 6 years between 1997 and 2002. Samples were collected with use of Van Veen grab, dredge and Scuba diving at depths ranging from 0 to 268?m. Among examined material (5026 items) bryozoans were present on one type of abiotic (stones) and 40 types of biotic substrata. The biotic substrata we investigated included algae (12 taxa) and invertebrates (28 taxa: Hydrozoa, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Crustacea, Ascidiacea, other Bryozoa). Both a priori ANOSIM (Global R?=?0.512, P?=?0.001) and cluster analyses reveal differences between the assemblages on different types of substrata. Cluster analyses distinguish two distinct groups of substrata. The first (stable) included stones, molluscs and Balanus balanus whilst the second (flexible) consisted of algae, hydrozoans and bryozoans. Bryozoan assemblages which colonized different substrata, varied in terms of species composition and their dominance. Bryozoan species were categorized as generalists, low‐specificity epibiotic species or locally abundant background species. No species were found to be substratum‐specific to any type. Among substrata with the richest bryozoan fauna were stones (156 taxa), Chlamys islandica (68) and Balanus balanus (62). There were clear patterns in the distribution of substrata colonized by bryozoans within the fjord system: those shallow near the mouth were rich whilst those in deeper water were depauperate. We consider environmental gradients such as siltation and processes related to depth to be responsible for such patterns.     

Diversity and distribution of marine Gastrotricha along the northern beaches of the state of São Paulo (Brazil), with description of a new species of Macrodasys (Macrodasyida,Macrodasyidae)

Forty-three putative species were found in this first-ever survey of the marine gastrotrich fauna of Brazil. Samples from 23 locations and 37 sites along the northern coasts of the state of São Paulo yielded 21 species of Macrodasyida (12 genera and five families) and 22 species of Chaetonotida (seven genera and two families). Based on morphology, 26 species appear to be taxa not previously described and thus far endemic to Brazil, 13 are known species, while one in each of the genera Diplodasys, Paradasys and Tetranchyroderma remains undetermined. The overall high diversity contrasts with the generally low number of species from single locations, averaging 4.3 (SD 3.5) spp. per location; very few species were found in sites characterized by very fine sand sediment loaded with detritus and by high water turbidity (e.g. 1 sp. in praia da Fazenda), whereas a well-diversified gastrotrich community was found in localities characterized by medium or fine sand with little detritus and clear water (e.g. 14 spp. in praia de Castelhanos). The macrodasyidans, Paraturbanella sp. 1, Pseudostomella sp. 1 and Tetranchyroderma sp. 1, and the chaetonotidan Heteroxenotrichula sp. 1 were the most common species, often sympatric and particularly frequent and abundant along the continental shoreline (recorded in 50–65% of these localities); on the other hand, Macrodasys fornerise n. sp., Ptychostomella sp. 1, Tetranchyroderma sp. 3 and Thaumastoderma sp. 2, while occurring sometimes in very high numbers, exhibited a much narrower range, being encountered only once or twice during the survey. The main morphometric traits are described of the 13 species considered to be cosmopolitan or with at least an amphi-Atlantic distribution, including Chaetonotus apechochaetus and Halichaetonotus marivagus, reported here for the first time from the Americas; of the 26 species thus far endemic to Brazil, Macrodasys fornerise n. sp., which is characterized by a noticeable 145?µm-long frontal organ, is also described and figured.     

中国自然保护区管理中地方社区的参与

本文论述了在自然保护区,由于存在土地权属不明确以及在管理中对少数民族为主的地方社区的限制而产生的突出矛盾;事实上地方社区在生物多样性的保护中起到积极的作用,地方社区应该参与到保护区的建设和管理活动中.通过对当前普遍采用的"社区共管模式"的实施效果分析,在全面认识和尊重地方社区对生物多样性保护重要作用的基础上,提出对于未来保护区社区共管要鼓励地方社区的参与,并加强社区参与的能力建设.     

关于《植物专类园设计规范》制订中若干问题的探讨

《植物专类园设计规范》(DB42/T 1564—2020)是一项针对植物专类园规划设计的地方标准,对当前湖北省及华中、华东地区的植物园、植物专类公园和城市公园植物专类主题区设计的科学性和可持续性起到规范和指导作用,也为《植物园设计标准》的植物专类园设计内容提供进一步补充.该文就《植物专类园设计规范》在编制、征求意见及评审中涉及的若干内容进行了说明和探讨,旨在促进相关从业者更好的理解和使用《植物专类园设计规范》,并为植物专类园建设管理及运营维护单位与人员提供依据和参考.     

中国西部地区生物多样性保护

我国西部地区有森林、灌丛、竹林、草地、农田、荒漠、湿地等生态系统类型 ,为多种生物种类栖息、生长、繁衍提供了优越的环境条件 .中南地区是中国生物物种最多的地区之一 .由于西部地区独特的地形、地貌、气候 ,生物特有种类、珍稀种类优势在西部地区具有的特色 .论述了自然保护区、风景名胜区和国家公园的现状以及受威胁的原因 ,并介绍了生物多样性保护中存在的问题 ,提出了相应的保护对策 .     

科尔沁退化草地改良的工程措施及效果

针对草地退化的实际问题,以科尔沁乌兰敖都退化草地为例,采用围栏封育、深翻松土、补播豆科牧草等工程措施对该退化草地进行工程改良,并评价改良措施对土壤性质及草地植被生物多样性的影响.重度退化草地土壤有机碳和全氮含量较低且随土层深度增加而明显降低,土壤pH增高,10～30cm土层深度可溶性盐积累;与重度草地相比,退化改良3年草地土壤有机碳和全氮含量显著提高(P＜0.01),土壤pH降低,其中10～30cm深度土层的差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);10～30cm深度电导率呈现出降低的趋势.经过改良,可以缓解土壤盐碱化,提高土壤肥力及物种多样性,达到提高草地质量、改善生态环境的效果.     

退耕还林工程影响下农林生态系统生态交错带的宽度测定

 生态交错带宽度的测定是定量研究其生态过程的基础,研究利用移动分割窗技术,对退耕还林工程影响下的山地农业生态系统和森林生态系统间的生态交错带宽度进行测定.首先以对生态交错带生物多样性分布趋势有较好体现的4个多样性指数(物种丰富度、Cody指数、群落相异性系数(β_J和β_S))和能体现群落本质特征的重要值为指标,取平方欧氏距离(SED)和Bray-Curtis系数(PD)为距离系数,采用移动分割窗技术分析比较.结果表明,物种丰富度,群落相异性系数β_J和β_S曲线趋势具有很好的重合性,同质区间也体现得较为明显,说明这3个指标生态学意义明显,有较高的实用价值;与PD相比,SED函数划分的结果要好.然后选取物种丰富度、群落相异性系数β_J和β_S作为指标以及SED作为距离系数对交错带的宽度进行测定.撂荒地-云南松林交错带位置约在样带序列25~36 m处,宽度为9 m,属于急变型交错带.     

大连城山头海滨地貌国家级自然保护区蛋坨子岛药用种子植物多样性研究

蛋坨子岛共分布有药用种子植物23科36属39种,分别占岛上种子植物科、属、种数的85．18％、72％、73．58％．从数量、生活型和地理成分等方面对该岛的药用种子植物进行了多样性研究,分析了其植物种类、种群数量和分布格局的特点及形成的原因,并对蛋坨子岛药用种子植物的保护提出了具体建议．