Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health

Most air pollutants do not lead to specific diseases. Depending on the pollutant, the concentration and the duration of exposure, some organs are more affected than others. The most frequent disorders are those caused by irritant gases and particulates on the mucous membranes and respiratory organs. The consequences are eye, nose and throat inflammations, diminished lung function, increased susceptability to respiratory infection and a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis. These disorders and diseases are, of course, influenced by other factors as well, such as immune deficiency, allergies, occupational exposure to pollutants, and particularly smoking. The effects of air pollutants are, therefore, multifactorially conditioned and nonspecific disorders are placed in the foreground. Evidence for an association of air pollution with adverse effects on human health is drawn from three sources: animal experiments, experimental human exposures, and epidemiologic studies of exposed human populations. The burden of atmospheric pollution must be reduced to protect human health by an adequate safety margin. In particular, the increased sensitivity of sick and aged people as well as children should be taken into account. In defining the maximum emmission levels, preventive aspects should have priority so as to keep the risk of damage to health and the harmful influences on the environment to a minimum.This article Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health by H. U. Wanner is a revised version of the same article that was first published in the Proceedings of the 1990 European Aerosol Conference; special issue of the J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 21, Suppl. 1 (1990) 389–396.Reprinted with kind permission from Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, Great Britain.     

Ecological long-term effects of cultigens becoming feral and of naturalization of non-native species

Transgenic cultigens may become feral as we know of some non-transgenic cultigens. The article explains two basic ways how cultigens become feral: through hybridization with a closely related wild plant and through revert to the wild-type. A long list of examples of cultigens becoming feral in Central Europe is presented. The process of becoming feral is compared to the naturalization of non-native species (Exotic Species Model). Ecological long-term effects of both cultigens becoming feral and non-native species being naturalized are discussed with special regard to the predictability of such events. The ecological aspects discussed in the article are as significant for transgenic cultigens as for non-transgenic cultigens.     

Triphasic vascular effects of thiol compounds and their oxidized forms on dog coronary arteries

The vascular effects of 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteamine, L-cysteine, glutathione (GSH), cystamine and oxidized GSH (GSSG) on the isometric tension of isolated dog coronary arterial strips were examined, and these effects were compared with the triphasic response induced by dithiothreitol (DTT); a rapid and weak contraction (phase A), an intervening slow relaxation (phase B) and a slowly-developing strong contraction (phase C) which we previously reported. The responses of the arteries induced by 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteamine and L-cysteine consisted of phases A, B and C. The order of contractile potency (ED₅₀ of phase C) was DTTL-cysteine>2-mercaptoethanolcysteamine, while the order of relaxant potency (ED₅₀ of phase B) was DTT>cysteamine2-mercaptoethanol. GSSG and cystamine mainly produced relaxation, which corresponded to phase B. The phase C contraction was specific to the reduced forms of thiols, except for GSH, which produced only relaxation. The participation of endothelial cells was not essential for the contracting or relaxing effects of the thiol compounds. The phase C contraction was depressed by W-7, a calmodulin antagonist, while phase A was not. Therefore calmodulin-dependent protein kinases may participate in phase C, not in phase A.     

微极流体润滑条件下能量方程的推导及应用

为考察微极流体的热流体动力润滑特性,根据微极流体的基本理论和能量守恒与转换定律,推导了微极流体的能量方程;依据其润滑条件假设,得出了润滑条件下微极流体的能量方程的简化形式.以有限长滑动轴承为例,将所推导的能量方程与微极流体的雷诺方程和轴瓦热传导方程联立进行数值求解,得到油膜及轴瓦的温度分布.结果表明:采用微极性流体润滑,其油膜及轴瓦的温度均比采用牛顿流体有所升高,流体的微极性越强,温度升高越明显.     

邻苯二甲酸酯对海洋藻类的致毒效应

采用评价化学药品对藻类毒性的标准方法，对邻苯二甲酸醋与海洋藻类的相互影响进行探讨．通过对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙醋(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁醋(DBP)海洋藻类的致毒试验，分别得出此3种物质对三角褐指藻、盐藻、等边金藻、中肋骨条藻48h、96h的半致死浓度，探讨了上述几种海洋藻类对DMP、DEP、DBP的忍受限度．     

考虑端部效应的铁磁梁式板磁力摄动分析

基于磁场摄动技术和广义变分原理得到的磁力公式,对铁磁梁式板在斜磁场作用下的磁场和磁力摄动展开研究,给出了斜磁场作用下铁磁梁式板结构的摄动磁场及其磁力摄动表达式,使得解析分析斜磁场作用下铁磁梁式板磁弹性耦合问题成为可能。研究表明:只有考虑了磁场端部效应的斜磁场磁力摄动公式才能模拟铁磁结构的弯曲模式且能够定性揭示铁磁简支梁式板弯曲构形为双半波形。     

非线性随机效应模型的若干统计推断

该文利用非线性随机效应模型在欧氏空间的BW几何结构，求出了固定效应参数估计的渐近性质与随机展开式。利用随机展开式，求出固定效应参数的偏差和方差的曲率表示式。     

改变水分子簇的结构及诱发的生物效应研究

概述了水分子簇理论研究的基本状况,以及改变水分子团簇结构的4种方法,包括外加磁场、外加电场、激光辐射以及直接加热法;最后简要介绍了改变水分子团簇结构所诱发的生物效应.     

运用多媒体教学提高物理教学质量

随着现代科学技术的不断发展,计算机已广泛应用干教育领域。本文介绍了多媒体教学的特点及采用多媒体教学所带来的良好教学效果。     

局部大气污染对温室效应影响的理论分析

依据大气污染的构成(如CO2、CH4、NyOx、CF3SF5、氟氯碳化物等)，系统分析了汉江上游的大气环境污染对汉中区域温室效应的直接影响因素、间接影响因素。结合汉中区域的地理特点，讨论了地理环境对汉中区域温室效应的影响。通过对汉中的天气情况进行调查，论证了温室效应与季节的相关性。