The symbiosis between the weaver ant,Oecophylla smaragdina,and Anthene emolus,an obligate myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly

Females of Anthene emolus use the presence of the weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, as oviposition cue. Ovipositing females are not attacked by the ants. The first instar larvae are adopted by the ants and carried into their pavilions where the caterpillars feed. Outside the pavilions the larvae cannot survive. The older larvae leave the pavilions and are carried by the ants to their feeding places or back into the pavilions. The larvae are constantly attended by the ants. During the 3rd and 4th instar the caterpillars secrete high amounts of nutritive liquids representing an estimated energy content of 200 J per larva. Thus the larvae are important trophobionts of Oe. smaragdina and attract the ants by releasing food recruitment behaviour. The pupae are not attractive for ants, but are not attacked, either. The emerging adults are not protected from ant attacks and are sometimes killed by their host ants. The costs and benefits of this close obligate myrmecophilous relationship for both the ants and lycaenids as well as the evolution of ant-specific relationships of the lycaenids are discussed.