扬子地台区早寒武世锥石动物及其早期演化

扬子地台区西部和西北部下寒武统梅树村阶含磷岩系中,产有许多角锥状、近方柱状的微体化石。它们个体微小(1—3mm),具有角沟或角脊、横肋等锥石类外壳所特有的典型特征,无疑是锥石动物的最古老成员。梅树村阶与中寒武统所产锥石类化石在形态上有明显差异。研究它们早期演化的历史,有重要的生物地层学意义、本文将梅树村阶锥石类分为3科、11属,共19种,并作了系统描述。     

甘肃民勤盆地人类活动对生态环境的影响及其生态环境变化对人类的反作用研究--民勤盆地社会调查结果分析

主要根据民勤盆地的社会调查资料分析了甘肃省河西地区石羊河流域下游民勤盆地近50年来人类活动对生态环境的影响以及生态环境变化对人类的反作用,并着重分析了当地人对当地生态环境变化及其原因的理解与认识.认为民勤盆地存在环境恶化趋势.该地区地下水位迅速下降,沙漠化、土壤盐渍化、植被衰退过程加快,这些生态环境变化对人类的生产、生活造成了重大而深刻的影响,并对人类身体健康造成了持久的危害.     

An analysis of soil composition and mechanical properties of riverbanks in a braided reach of the Lower Yellow River

The channel adjustment in a braided reach is very prominent in the fluvial processes of the Lower Yellow Rlver, In whlch the process of bank erosion plays an important role, especially durlng the perlod of clear water scourlng. The process of bank erosion is closely related to soil composition and mechanlcal properties of the riverbanks. In this paper, the recent bank erosion process in a bralded reach between Huayuankou and Gaocun was firstly investigated after the water impoundment and sediment detentlon of the Xlaolangdi Reservoir, and then a field observation and indoor soil testa were conducted at 10 typlcal riverbanks in the braided reach. Through analyzing the experlmental results, changes of t;brtnsml-soo; composition and mechanical properties were found, and the two real reasons causlng serlous bank erosion in the braided reach were identified. The following conclusions were drawn from thls study： （i） the majority of riverbanks are made up of cohesive soil, and can be characterlzed by obvlous vertlcal stratification structures of soil composition; （ii） these riverbanks are very erodlble due to the lower clay-content and weak erosion-resistant strength in the bank soil, wlth its crltlcal shear stress value （0.1-0.3 Pa） being much less than that of the average near-bank flow shear stress （2.0-3.0 Pa）, which is one important reason causing serious bank erosion; （iii） frequent occurrence of bank fallure during flood seasons usually results from the fact that the values of shear strength parameters such as the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease with the increase of water content In riverbank soil, and the value of cohesion reduces drastically from 34 to 4 kPa wlth the Increase of water content, which is another important reason causing serious bank erosion in the bralded reach.     

青西凹陷下沟组湖相热水沉积岩中的重晶石流体包裹体特征

以地质背景和岩石组构分析为基础,对酒泉盆地青西凹陷下沟组湖相热水沉积岩中的重晶石矿物进行了流体包裹体研究.结果表明,重晶石胶结物中主要发育富液两相、含子矿物三相、单一液相和单一气相四类原生流体包裹体,碎屑状重晶石主要发育富液两相和少量单一液相包裹体.显微测温结果显示,重晶石胶结物和碎屑状重晶石的成矿流体为NaCl-H2O体系,温度分别为160～200℃和120～140℃,盐度(NaCl)分别为20%～22%和18%～20%,密度分别为1.06～1.2 g/cm3和1.06～1.11 g/cm3,成矿压力分别为150～180 MPa和30～45MPa.结合锶同位素分析,认为成矿流体属于深循环的下渗湖水与岩浆水共同构成的中低温、中高盐度和中偏高密度混合热卤水.成矿流体经历了早期阶段的热液沸腾作用和混合作用的叠加耦合而形成重晶石胶结物,较晚期阶段热液混合稀释沉淀作用则形成碎屑状重晶石.两者应属于同一热流体不同阶段和不同方式的化学沉淀产物,重晶石胶结物形成于喷流口内;碎殚屑状重晶石形成于相对远离喷流口的开放系统,有更多大气水(湖水)的注入而使得其热流体温度、盐度、密度和压力相比重晶石胶结物均有所下降.重晶石矿物流体特征和成因研究,可为研究区下沟组湖相热水沉积岩热流体性质、来源和成因分析奠定基础.     

川南地区下古生界海相页岩微观储集空间类型

为探明不同成因的孔隙对页岩气储集的贡献,基于多种分析测试手段,对川南地区下古生界海相页岩微孔类型与分布、孔隙定量表征进行研究,并探讨页岩中微观储集空间的成因及影响因素。结果表明:下古生界页岩微观储集空间分为矿物基质孔、有机孔和微裂缝3大类,并可进一步细分为9种类型;龙马溪组页岩主要发育有机质孔和黏土矿物层间孔,五峰组页岩主要发育有机质孔和溶蚀孔、缝,九老洞组页岩有机质孔极少,多见溶蚀孔、缝;下古生界3套页岩孔隙类型与分布特征的差异与矿物组成、有机质丰度和成岩演化作用有关;龙马溪组底部页岩微孔发育,比表面积大,为页岩气的吸附提供大量储集空间,是有利的页岩储层发育段。     

下刚果盆地西北部深水区Albian阶Sendji组原油地球化学特征、成因及分布规律

针对下刚果盆地西北部深水区Albian阶Sendji组原油的特征、成因、来源及分布规律等问题,通过对该区7口钻井15个原油样品的物性参数、稳定碳同位素、生物标志化合物等方面的研究,结果表明,Sendji组原油总体为轻质原油,向陆一侧的3个油田中Sendji组原油具有湖相原油的特征,可能来源于盐下湖相烃源岩;向海一侧超深水区MOHO油田Sendji组原油具有海相原油的特征,可能来源于Likouala组上部海相烃源岩。下刚果盆地海域的湖相原油主要分布在近陆一侧的浅水和部分深水区,而海相原油主要分布在向海一侧的深水及超深水区,中间过渡带分布湖相和海相的混合原油。     

辽西地区早期冶铜技术

全面报告了辽西地区早期冶铜技术截止目前所取得的研究成果.这些成果包括辽宁省凌原县牛河梁的两处遗址出土的夏家店下层文化的炼铜遗物、内蒙古敖汉旗大甸夏家店下层文化墓地出土的铜器、内蒙古林西县大井夏家店上层文化古铜矿冶遗址、内蒙古巴林右旗塔布敖包夏家店上层文化炼铜遗址的采矿、冶炼及铜器制作技术.牛河梁炼铜炉壁残片的检测显示当时使用结构独特的带双排鼓风孔的小型炼炉冶炼附近出产的氧化矿石,热释光年代测定其属于夏家店下层文化早期.对大甸子墓地出土的57件铜器中41件进行了检测,发现所有铜器的材质皆为锡青铜并含有少量的铅,铸造制品与锻造制品的含锡量相差8%,表明当时能够根据不同的制作技术来调配锡含量,锡料和铜料是分开使用的,锡料的来源很可能是赤峰北部的锡多金属成矿带.林西大井古铜矿冶遗址和巴林右旗塔布敖包冶炼遗址使用大井出产的铜锡砷共生矿石经死焙烧后直接冶炼出高锡的铜锡砷三元合金并含有微量的银,这些迹象表明在夏家店上层文化早期在西拉沐伦河北岸地区以大井铜矿为中心展开过规模甚大的冶铸活动.上述成果对进一步探讨辽西地区在中国文明的起源与早期发展进程中的地位和贡献提供了新的冶金技术方面的证据     

渤海海域歧南断阶带明下段河湖交替相沉积

现有的单一曲流河相认识无法准确全面概括歧南断阶带范围内储层展布特征,为了有效地指导断阶带范围内明下段储层预测及油田勘探,综合利用岩心、古生物、测井、地震等资料,在沉积特征及古地貌重新分析的基础上,对研究区沉积相类型进行了重新认识。研究结果表明:明下段沉积时期歧南断阶带范围内存在湖相沉积,但由于其位于凹陷边部,湖平面的频繁升降变化导致断阶带位置处周期性的暴露与淹没,从而发育河湖交替相,纵向上条带状的曲流河相砂体与席状的湖泊浅水三角洲砂体交替出现。该发现可以有效地改善后期调整井的实施及剩余油的挖潜。     

Effects of water treatments on the activation of soil seed banks – A case study on the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Evaluation of seedling emergence is a common method used to investigate the vegetation restoration potential of soil seed banks. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in the laboratory using a single water treatment. However, when this method is used, it is difficult to optimize the water conditions for the needs of the individual species of seeds. Additionally, the germination conditions for seedlings in the laboratory are different from those in nature. To avoid these issues, we conducted experiments to activate soil seed banks in the field using different water treatments. The results revealed that: (1) generally, the number of species and quantity of seedlings decrease gradually as the water supply decreases, but that for several species most seedlings did not appear when they were provided with the greatest amount of water, and (2) different species present different germination characteristics. According to the rate of seedling emergence, the species were classified into two germination types: fast and slow. In addition, each species also had a unique climax period of emergence, which was delayed with a decrease in water supply. Therefore, the amount of water provided is vital to seedling emergence, and various water treatments should be evaluated when studying the characteristics of different species in soil seed banks. For the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the optimal soil moisture for seedling emergence ranged from 23% to 28%, and seedling conservation should be strengthened during the climax period of emergence (9–15 days from the day when water became available). These results highlight the importance of the use of an optimal water treatment and demonstrate the danger of using a single treatment method. Our results also emphasize the need for a preliminary study prior to conducting studies to evaluate seed banks.     

黄河下游宽河段沿岸地区土地利用景观格局特征

以2015年11类15 m×15 m土地利用空间分布栅格数据为基础, 基于景观格局指数, 对比和分析黄河下游宽河段沿岸县域、滩区和滞洪区内土地利用景观格局特征以及宽河段滩区两侧18个2 km缓冲区内土地利用景观格局梯度特征。结果表明: 旱地是沿岸县域范围内的优势景观, 其次是农村居民地, 两者占沿岸县域总面积的80%以上, 水田与其他水域具有一定的规模, 而草地规模较小; 受人类活动、功能定位和自然条件等因素影响, 黄河下游宽河段沿岸县域、滩区和滞洪区内土地利用景观格局存在明显的空间差异; 县域滩外区域分布有斑块规模大且较密集的建设用地, 景观破碎度高, 斑块形状复杂, 东平湖滞洪区景观多样性高, 呈现以水域为主体的复合生态景观, 其余滞洪区林地和草地规模小, 斑块密度低, 景观异质性较低, 宽滩区内整体景观破碎程度低于滩外区域, 游荡段滩区景观多样性较高, 建设用地规模相对较大; 宽河段滩区两侧6 km范围内, 水田和其他水域规模大, 分布密集, 城镇用地规模较小, 整体景观多样性高且较破碎, 6~18 km是过渡区域, 距离20 km以上景观格局基本上趋于稳定。