A review of Eunotinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) from China

Five genera of Eunotinae are included in this paper. Ophelosia, Moranila, Cephaleta, Eunotus are reviewed and a new genus Cavitas is described. Four new species, Cavitas concava sp. nov., Eunotus applanatus sp. nov., E. strenus sp. nov. and E. aequalivenus sp. nov. are described. The type specimens are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Differing morphology and ultrastructure of the male copulatory apparatus in species-groups of Anagrus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Male genitalia of 13 members of the mymarid wasp genus Anagrus have been studied: Anagrus (Anagrella) mymaricornis (Bakkendorf), Anagrus (Paranagrus) unilinearis Soyka, A. (Anagrus) ustulatus Haliday, A. (A.) erythroneurae Trjapitzin and Chiappini, A. (A.) atomus (Linnaeus), A. (A.) aegyptiacus Soyka, A. (A.) vilis Donev, A. (A.) sensillatus Viggiani and Jesu, A. (A.) breviphragma Soyka, A. (A.) incarnatus Haliday, A. (A.) obscurus Förster sensu Soyka, A. (A.) fennicus Soyka and A. (A.) avalae Soyka. Taxonomically significant differences between subgenera and the atomus and incarnatus species-groups are described. The functional significance of various features, and in particular, the arrangment of sensilla are discussed.     

Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitoids of Bemisia species in Taiwan (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The whitefly genus Bemisia (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is represented by five species in Taiwan, including the notorious global pest Bemisia tabaci. A catalogue of Encarsia species attacking these whiteflies, based almost entirely on previously unpublished records, is provided. A key for the identification of the 17 Encarsia species known to parasitize Bemisia species in Taiwan is provided. Three new species, E. guangxingana Shih, Ko and Polaszek sp. nov., E. lineolata Shih, Ko and Polaszek sp. nov. and E. magnalata Shih, Ko and Polaszek sp. nov., are described from Taiwan. These new species were all reared from Bemisia giffardi.     

陕西省甲腹茧蜂二新纪录种(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

记述了在陕西省新发现的２种甲腹茧蜂，安松甲腹茧蜂Ｃｈｅｌｏｎｕｓｙａｓｕｍａｔ－ｓｕｉＷａｔａｎａｂｅ和螟甲腹茧蜂ＣｈｅｌｏｎｕｓｍｕｎａｋａｔａｅＭａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ．     

伊朗棒小蜂科昆虫种类（膜翅目：小蜂总科）

本文记述伊朗的棒小蜂科昆虫3个属（ Chartocerus MotschuLsky,Thysanus WaLker和Signiphora Ashmead）11种,同时,记述了每一种的异名、寄主和国内外分布情况。     

Queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness in a primitively eusocial wasp (Ropalidia marginata)

Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial polistine wasp in which, although there is only one queen at any given time, frequent queen replacements lead to a system of serial polygyny. One of the most striking features of this system, is the enormous variation in the success of different queens. Measuring queen success as queen tenure, total number of offspring produced, number of offspring produced per day of tenure, and proportion of eggs laid that develop into adults, we show here that each measure of queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness and not correlated with worker: brood ratio or the age of the queen at takeover. We interpret these results as meaning that queens are better able to obtain the cooperation of workers when worker-brood genetic relatedness is high.     

High genetic variability despite haplodiploidy in primitive sawflies of the genusCephalcia (Hymenoptera,Pamphiliidae)

Hymenoptera are haplodiploid and usually display very low genetic variation. Most data concern social or parasiticApocrita, while the little information available for the primitive phytophagous species of the suborder Symphyta is contradictory. The present study is related to seven species of the genusCephalcia, living in coniferous forests of Northern Eurasia and sharing spruce (Picea sp. pl.) as host plant. Individuals from 22 populations belonging toCephalcia abietis, C. alashanica, C. arvensis, C. erythrogaster, C. fallenii, C. fulva, C. klugii from Europe and China were surveyed for genetic variation at 28 loci using enzyme electrophoresis. Pairs of sibling species were recognized withinC. arvensis andC. fallenii, corresponding to different phenological and morphological forms. In the latter case, reproductive isolation in sympatry occurs despite low genetic distance (D=0.059). Large genetic distances and fixed alternate alleles were observed between Chinese and European populations ofC. abietis andC. arvensis. Expected heterozygosity ofCephalcia populations (0.197, SD 0.064) is significantly higher than that of other Symphyta (Tenthredinoidea) (averageH _exp 0.059, SD 0.032) (two-tailed Mann-Whitney test, Z=4.39, p<0.01). These data suggest that haplodiploidy per se does not reduce the genetic variation in mostCephalcia populations. Most of the factors that can lower the potential for genetic diversity in a haplodiploid genetic system are not so effective inCephalcia populations, which seem to be comparable to diplodiploid insect populations in diversity. In a few isolated populations the large number of fixed loci and the large genetic distances may support the predicted faster rate of fixation, as a consequence of haplodiploidy.     

广西英罗港红树林区蚁科昆虫记述(膜翅目:蚁总科)

记述广西英罗港红树林区的蚁科昆虫１７种，其中有１新种，即山口细长蚁Ｔｅｔｒａｐｏｎｅｒａｓｈａｎｋｏｕｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，１新地位暨国内新记录种，即ＣｒｅｍａｔｏｇａｓｔｅｒｖａｇｕｌａＷｈｅｅｌｅｒｓｔａｔｕｓｎｏｖ．ａｎｄｒｅｃｏｒｄｎｏｖ．模式标本保存于广西科学院生物研究所和广西师范大学生物系昆虫标本室     

Odour preference of a parasitic wasp depends on order of learning

FemaleLeptopilina boulardi wasps, larval parasites ofDrosophila melanogaster, can learn to respond to more than one odour by associating these odours with oviposition experience. These wasps can memorise and respond to at least two different odours, and prefer the last one learnt.     

Ovipositor mechanics of the braconine wasp genus Zaglyptogastra and the ichneumonid genus Pristomerus

The multiply-arched, apical quarter to half of the ovipositors of Zaglyptogastra species are capable of flexing ventrally through up to 180°. Flexion is achieved by ventral protrusion of the lower ovipositor valves relative to the upper one, an action which juxtaposes swollen lower valve sections with weak concave narrowings of the upper valve. The structural modifications associated with this flexion mechanism are described and similar ovipositor features are illustrated for the cremastine ichneumonid genus Pristomerus.