2020年深海潜水器热点回眸

2020年,国内外在深海装备研发领域取得显著的进展.围绕载人/无人潜水器的研发,重点介绍了2020年国际和国内的研究热点和亮点工作,分析了中国海洋技术所处的国际地位,并对中国深海潜水器领域未来的发展方向提出了建议.     

邛海鱼类区系的形成及其演变

本文作者根据50-60年代的调查,分析和探讨了邛海的自然鱼类区系形成同演变的规律.并对其形成提出了应从四个方面去认识:(1)雅砻江原来向南的流向;(2)长江上游的袭夺;(3)喜马拉雅山的造山运动.(4)高原地势和平原气候的渗合.对其演变分析了四种趋向:(1)流水性种类消失,(2)鱼类食性中植物性比重加大;(3)肉食性鱼类比重加大;(4)出现了种一级的分化.提出邛海与程海在鱼类区系上可列为同一类型,可与除程海以外的其它云南高原湖泊所属的另一类型相对比.并对Worthington(1940)提出的关于种的分化论点作了补充.     

Further studies on the systematics of Australian Diplurinae (Chelicerata: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae): Two new genera from south western Australia

Summary

The current status of Australian diplurine genera is presented. The following genera are recognized here: Aname Koch, Chenistonia Hogg, Ixamatus Simon, Kiama Main and Mascord, Stanwellia Rainbow and Pulleine, Teyl Main, Troglodiplura Main and Xamiatus Raven. Aparua Todd from New Zealand is newly synonymized with Stanwellia Rainbow and Puleine. Two new genera, Kwonkan and Merredinia and six new species are described: Kwonkan anatolion, eboracum, goongarriensis, moriartii and silvestre and Merredinia damsonoides. Dekana wonganensis Main is designated as the type species of Kwonkan. The tribe Anamini Simon is rediagnosed and Anamini Raven newly synonymized with it. Aname, Chenistonia and the two new genera are attributed to the Anamini.     

Homing behaviour of rock pool blenny Parablennius parvicornis (Pisces: Blenniidae)

The homing ability of the rock pool blenny Parablennius parvicornis was studied at a rocky shore on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). A total of 140 fish was tagged in five different rock pools and 100 of these were displaced from their original site, during low tide. This blenny species shows great site fidelity and is able to return home from 400 m away. Results show that homing success mainly depends on the displacement distance and it increases when fish return against the current, whereas sex and fish size have no influence.     

脱脂鲢肉酶解工艺技术研究

采用蒸煮法、脂肪酶法、乙醚法对鲢肉进行脱脂．并比较不同酶制剂对脱脂鲢肉的水解效果．试验结果表明。脂肪酶法的脱脂效果最好,其脱脂率为98．11％．根据水解度及感官品尝指标,从5种酶中优选出复合蛋白酶为脱脂鱼肉的最佳水解酶．并通过正交实验确定该酶的最佳水解工艺条件：pH6．5,温度55℃,酶最3000U／g．蛋白质,底物浓度（鱼肉：水）1：3．     

罗非鱼鳞胶原蛋白提取工艺研究

研究用胃蛋白酶从罗非鱼鳞中提取胶原蛋白的工艺。根据测定水解液中羟脯氨酸(HYP)的含量计算胶原蛋白提取率,采用单因素和正交试验确定胃蛋白酶水解鱼鳞制备胶原蛋白的适宜酶解条件。结果表明,采用底物质量分数7%,胃蛋白酶酶解罗非鱼鳞制备胶原蛋白的适宜温度、pH、加酶量、时间分别为65℃、2.0、2%、2 h。在适宜工艺条件下,胶原蛋白提取率可达94.24%。     

三元鲤及其双亲(资江鲤(♂)、芙蓉鲤(♀))几个生化性状的比较研究

作者采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,分析了三元鲤及其双亲(资江鲤(♂)、芙蓉鲤(♀))的血清蛋白、酯酶同工酶及过氧化物酶。研究结果表明:双亲的血清蛋白存在差异,这种差异主要表现在B_2区和B_3区的MA带上。F_1代表现了亲本的血清蛋白,B_1区和B_2区为双亲的嵌合型,B_3区为母本型。双亲的酯酶、过氧化物酯亦存在组织特异性和种的特异性,差异主要表现在心脏和肾脏。F_1代酯酶酶谱偏向父本,肾脏中间主带的酶相对活性明显高于亲本,肝脏阴极端出现一条新的酶带。F_1代心脏的过氧化物酶为母本类型。作者认为血清蛋白、酯酶和过氧化物酶等在鱼类育种中可作为区分亲本、亲本与子代之间的遗传标记。同时,酯酶同工酶谱型的变化,可以作为预测杂种优势的指标。     

罗非鱼肝细胞作为环境污染生物监测指标的初步研究

应用细胞生物学技术，研究了河北白洋及江西乐安江水样对罗非鱼原代肝细胞的影响，结果表明，白洋淀府河的４个采样点（望亭、际头、大桥、王家寨）水样对罗非鱼肝细胞具有生物毒性，入淀后另２个水样（刘庄，枣林庄）则基本无影响，在乐安江所采集的３个水样中。接渡样点样品对罗非鱼肝细胞毒性最大，沽口，虎山次之。     

Photoreceptors in the pineal of lower vertebrates: Functional aspects

Summary The pineal of lower vertebrates characteristically contains true and modified photoreceptors with functional und structural homologies to retinal photoreceptors. Afferent nerves convey photic information from the pineal to sensory areas of the brain stem. Light also influences synthetic activity within the organ, controlling the rhythm in melatonin production which is generated endogenously. The molecular mechanisms underlying this rhythmic event are described and the hypothesis advanced that the pineal transduces several forms of environmental stimulus involved in the regulation of rhythmic function.