达尔文学说在20世纪中的演变

达尔文的天择说虽在19世纪中叶才提出,却在20世纪中大放异彩.但也因为著名的孟德尔遗传原理在1900年同时为三位科学家重新发现,造成达尔文原理中许多质疑.所以在20世纪中出现了许多学者对达尔文天择说发生不同的阐释.有的人坚持达尔文的基本概念,并且加以引伸扩大.也有些更多的学者提出许多不同的补充或修正.更有些学者对天择说加以曲解,以适合他们各自的认知与目的.凡此种种演变,值得做一回顾与整理.以便展望21世纪的生技发展的方向.     

达尔文的方法论与进化论争论

达尔文学说引起了如此广泛的激烈争论 ,是因为它所蕴含的方法论思想本身所具有的革命性质。由于它既不符合当时流行的培根传统 ,又不满足休厄尔和穆勒的方法论思想 ,甚至 ,波普尔对达尔文理论的方法论认识也经历了一个过程。达尔文的方法论是产生进化论争论的主要原因之一。     

Describing Service-Oriented Architecture by Extended Darwin

Describing Service-Oriented Architecture （SOA） is critical in the development of Web based system, in this paper, an approach for describing SOA by extended Darwin is proposed. The requirements for describing SOA, which are different from that of ordinary architecture, are highlighted firstly, and then a solution for extending Darwin is presented. Using the extended Darwin, service components and connectors can be described explicit by the extended construct, as well as precise operational semantics of SOA by the π-calculus. Finally an example of supply-chain management system is given for manifesting the effect of the extended Darwin.     

The early history of chance in evolution

Work throughout the history and philosophy of biology frequently employs ‘chance’, ‘unpredictability’, ‘probability’, and many similar terms. One common way of understanding how these concepts were introduced in evolution focuses on two central issues: the first use of statistical methods in evolution (Galton), and the first use of the concept of “objective chance” in evolution (Wright). I argue that while this approach has merit, it fails to fully capture interesting philosophical reflections on the role of chance expounded by two of Galton's students, Karl Pearson and W.F.R. Weldon. Considering a question more familiar from contemporary philosophy of biology—the relationship between our statistical theories of evolution and the processes in the world those theories describe—is, I claim, a more fruitful way to approach both these two historical actors and the broader development of chance in evolution.     

达尔文的阴谋得逞了吗?

当今大多数学者以及一般公众,不论有无宗教信仰,都认为达尔文的进化论是对生物演化的最好解释,有着非同寻常的深刻意义。达尔文是如何创造这个轰动世界的理论的呢?     

加拉帕戈斯群岛达尔文地雀进化的启示

加拉帕戈斯群岛是太平洋中远离大陆的一个群岛,是世界公认的一个大自然生物进化的“实验室”。达尔文于1835年登上该群岛的所见所闻对其进化理论的形成有很大促进作用。群岛上的14种地雀都是该群岛的特有物种,它们都来自南美大陆的一个祖先物种。达尔文地雀的进化与适应性辐射与其他鸟类和动物有着共通性,因此通过对达尔文地雀进化机制和进化过程的研究可以得到很多有益的启示。加拉帕戈斯群岛和夏威夷群岛真正独一无二的地方不是生活在这些岛上鸟类的进化方式,而是这种进化过程是近期内在特定环境条件下发生的,使我们能够亲眼看到这些鸟类的演变和形态歧化的过程和证据。     

《物种起源》的论证结构

20世纪60年代到80年代中期，学界多是事先假定达尔文遵循着某种单一的科学方法，相信《物种起源》有单一的论证结构；80年代中期开始，一些学者放弃了寻找《物种起源》中某种单一论证结构的努力，相信达尔文在《物种起源》中采用了多种论证策略。根据不同的理论有不同的理论成功标准，自然选择理论是由多个理论构成的，这就决定了《物种起源》中不可能存在单一的论证逻辑。     

法学研究的新范式——进化生物学范式及其展望

进化生物学已对几乎所有社会科学产生影响,并成为经济学、心理学和人类学等学科的主导研究范式之一,但在法学研究中仍未取得与之相称的进展。进化生物学既研究有机体进化也研究文化进化,法律是一种文化现象并有其进化上的根源,因而在法学研究中引入进化生物学范式就成为可能。     

When did Darwin ‘clearly conceive’ his theory of evolution?

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection as espoused in his classic book, On the Origin of Species, constitutes one of the most important scientific advances of the last millennium. In his autobiography, Darwin apparently claimed to have ‘clearly conceived’ the theory in 1839, but the Origin was not published until 1859, following a brief excerpt of his theorizing published in mid-1858. Much scholarship has been devoted to explaining this apparent gap. Yet, examination of Darwin’s explicit theorizing fails to support the generally accepted ‘clear conception’ by 1839 as an accurate reference to an immature version of the Origin theory, a theory of continuous and universal organic change. However, by articulating both broad and narrow versions of the theory, as well as considering the inevitable theory development over decades, Darwin’s ‘clear conception’ is explained in relation to two distinct broad theories and the enduring core element, the mechanism of natural selection. This explanation casts the famous ‘gap’ in an entirely new light.     

伊拉斯谟-达尔文与伯明翰月光社

本文依据伊拉斯谟-达尔文的书信集和著作,以及其他相关文献,介绍了伊拉斯谟-达尔文的生平以及他与月光社成员之间的交往,描述了达尔文开展的与月光社相关的科学活动和技术实践,最后探讨了他在月光社中的重要地位及其影响。