Structure,scale and emergence

In this paper I consider the structures that chemists and physicists attribute at the molecular scale to substances and materials of various kinds, and how they relate to structures and processes at other scales. I argue that the structure of a substance is the set of properties and relations which are preserved across all the conditions in which it can be said to exist. In short, structure is abstraction. On the basis of this view, and using concrete examples, I argue that structures, and therefore the chemical substances and other materials to which they are essential, are emergent. Firstly, structures themselves are scale-dependent because they can only exist within certain physical conditions, and a single substance may have different structures at different scales (of length, time and energy). Secondly, the distinctness of both substances and structures is a scale-dependent relationship: above a certain point, two distinct possibilities may become one. Thirdly, the necessary conditions for composition, for both substances and molecular species, are scale-dependent. To know whether a group of nuclei and electrons form a molecule it is not enough to consider energy alone: one also has to know about their environment and the lifetime over which the group robustly hangs together.     

有界复形的 Modi ed Ringel Hall 代数的结构常数

设k是有限域.A是k上的满足一定有限性条件的本质小的遗传阿贝尔范畴.本文研究了有界复形范畴的modified Ringel—Hall 代数MH(A)中零微分复形乘积的结构常数，给出了它们与A的Ringel-Hall 代数H(A)的Hall数之间的关系.     

Divergence of values and goals in participatory research

Public participation in scientific research has gained prominence in many scientific fields, but the theory of participatory research is still limited. In this paper, we suggest that the divergence of values and goals between academic researchers and public participants in research is key to analyzing the different forms this research takes. We examine two existing characterizations of participatory research: one in terms of public participants' role in the research, the other in terms of the virtues of the research. In our view, each of these captures an important feature of participatory research but is, on its own, limited in what features it takes into account. We introduce an expanded conception of norms of collaboration that extends to both academic researchers and public participants. We suggest that satisfying these norms requires consideration of the two groups' possibly divergent values and goals, and that a broad characterization of participatory research that starts from participants' values and goals can motivate both public participants’ role in the research and the virtues of the research. The resulting framework clarifies the similarities and differences among participatory projects and can help guide the responsible design of such projects.     

某通用小型汽油机箱体有限元分析及结构优化

该文运用有限元法对某通用小型汽油机箱体进行了结构强度与刚度分析，结果表明右箱体主轴承位置最大变形量过大，刚度较差。为此对右箱体主轴承区域进行拓扑优化。优化方式为：增加右箱体主轴承处加强筋数量、增加壁面厚度以及在壁面上添加加强条。通过计算表明，该优化方式能使箱体的最大应力与应变大大下降，使其强度刚度有了较大提升，箱体的结构更趋合理。     

谈体验式学习理论及其在社区教育中的应用

在信息化的终身学习时代,多样化的学习资源、学习途径和教学方式,为参与社区教育的学习者提供了宽广的知识视野,激发了他们的学习兴趣。随着学习者学习自主性的不断增强,社区教育的教学模式从以往的以教师为中心的单向输入式教学逐渐向以学习者为中心的体验式学习转变。了解和熟悉体验式学习的理论,以及该理论在社区教育实践中的应用,不仅有利于促进学习者通过体验式学习进一步获得自我认知、自我决定的能力,使自我效能感得以提升,也有利于探讨该理论对教育实践产生的影响。     

Mechanisms functional underlying the characteristics structural and of acupoints

Acupoints are particular areas on the surface of the body through which the Qi and blood of the Zang-fu organs and meridians flow. Acupoints can respond to stimuli and reflect syndromes. Research on the essential morphology of acupoints has two key focuses： anatomical structure and physiological func- tion. The structure is the material and anatomical basis for the function, while the function is the manifes- tation of the structure. The two factors not only have profound significance for our understanding of the essence of acupoints, but also have great value for clinical acupuncture and moxibustion practice. Based on the structural and functional characteristics of meridians under different physiological and pathological con- ditions, this paper illustrates the essence of acupoints and explores the rules and biological basis of the acu- point functions induced by acupuncture and moxibustion.     

Accountability and values in radically collaborative research

This paper discusses a crisis of accountability that arises when scientific collaborations are massively epistemically distributed. We argue that social models of epistemic collaboration, which are social analogs to what Patrick Suppes called a “model of the experiment,” must play a role in creating accountability in these contexts. We also argue that these social models must accommodate the fact that the various agents in a collaborative project often have ineliminable, messy, and conflicting interests and values; any story about accountability in a massively distributed collaboration must therefore involve models of such interests and values and their methodological and epistemic effects.     

论《永别了,武器》中重要的写作手法——比较和对比

《永别了,武器》（1929）是美国著名作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者海明威的主要作品之一。该书通过描写美国青年亨利在一战后期意大利战场的参战经历和他与一个美丽女护士的凄婉爱情,真实再现了当时广大官兵的厌战情绪,成功反映了一战后玩世不恭、信仰危机的＂迷茫一代＂的精神面貌。在小说中,作者巧妙地运用了大量的比较和对比,通过这些手法在结构、人物描写及象征等方面的运用,小说的两大主题—战争和爱情得到了成功地阐释。     

华能海门电厂1000MW超超临界燃煤机组侧煤仓间布置经济性分析

本文通过对海门电厂侧煤仓方案和常规炉前煤仓方案的煤仓间、四大管道及输煤系统等方面的造价进行分析和比较．论证了海门电厂采用的侧煤仓间并结合管带机穿烟囱的方案具有更显著的经济效益，并对煤仓间布置方案的选择提出了建议。     

深孔卸压爆破技术改变围岩应力结构的试验研究

针对围岩内高应力集中造成巷道支护后难以稳定的问题,应用"深孔卸压爆破技术",重新调整围岩应力分布,使深部围岩内积聚的弹性能以变形破裂的形式释放,使应力集中的弹性区转移到围岩更深处,在围岩深部形成应力集中的自承载圈,在巷道周围表层一定范围内形成低应力卸压圈.通过改变围岩应力分布,使围岩内高应力得到释放和转移,消除巷道附近围岩应力集中,在底板岩层中形成上自撑岩环体和下自撑岩拱体两层自撑结构,有效地控制巷道变形,保持了巷道稳定,达到深部围岩-浅部围岩-支架系统耦和支护的目的,充分发挥了围岩自承能力.卸压后的巷道采取常规支护技术就能保持长期稳定.