生物多样性视野中的中国传统农业科技

生物多样性是现代科学概念,它是在人类活动的深度和广度不断拓展、自然界的生物种类日益减少、大量珍贵种质资源迅速消亡、进而引发一系列生态危机的背景下产生的。它产生和存在的现实基础是生物的差异性、联系性和发展性。在此视角的观瞻下,中国古代的农业科技正是农业生物多样性原理的自觉践行:轮作复种、间作套种事实上是农业系统生物多样性的主动运用;生物防病、农业治虫恰恰是农业生物物种多样性的巧妙运用;农牧结合、多种经营则是农业生态多样性的自觉运用。     

北京地区翼手目一新记录——菲菊头蝠

北京地区翼手类目前共有3科17种,本次调查发现一新记录——菲菊头蝠Rhinolophus pusillus;其中绝大多数为古北型,有11种,占64.75%,此外,有4种季风型和南中国型1种,东洋型1种.北京西部种类特别丰富,占北京翼手类的82%;北部燕山山区,缺少大型溶洞,翼手类中主要为本市常见种类.平原地区翼手类分布较少,只有常见种类.随着人为活动的增加,北京翼手类中的稀有种的数量急剧较少,近乎绝迹,应该尽快开展深入研究,了解种类、分布、生态等详细资料,并且保护翼手类的栖息场所,适量开展旅游活动.     

Diversity of Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) in the historical and natural reserve ‘Martín García Island’, Argentina

From Martín García Island were collected 975 jumping spiders, from five environments, using beating net and manual sampling methods. Saitis variegatus Mello-Leitão, 1941 was the most abundant (24.62%). The sandy xerophilous forest had the highest species richness (23 morphospecies) and jungle showed the greatest spider abundance (n: 384). The sandy area was the least diverse and the last in relative abundance. Salticids represented 16% of the species recorded from Argentina, and the second largest family registered. The spider fauna found could be similar to that of the Southern Brasilian region, as occurs with scorpions. Two genera and two species are new records for Argentina. In addition, three new species of jumping spiders, as well as the discovery of the unknown male and female of two species, were registered. There was no record of cosmopolitan spiders or those with a large distribution range on the Island.     

Aquatic Diptera (Insecta) assemblages in four sympatric Eryngium (Apiaceae) phytotelmata in flowering and senescent times

This study addresses how Diptera assemblages differ in four sympatric phytotelmata. The Eryngium species retain water in their axils forming a phytotelm and this situation leads to the speculation that dipteran assemblages may differ, mainly when the plants begin to grow and retain more water in their axils, and when becoming senescent. Diptera from Eryngium horridum, Eryngium stenophyllum, Eryngium aff. serra and Eryngium elegans were sampled. This study revealed that the Eryngium spp. are used by Diptera differentially and their populations show seasonal changes, with peaks in the autumn. Diptera were represented by immature stages belonging to six aquatic and seven semi-aquatic families. The most important were Chironomidae, Culicidae, Periscelididae and Ceratopogonidae. Two species of Chironomids were the most abundant. Culicidae, Periscelididae and Ceratopogonidae were more selective than Chironomidae. Saprophages were the most abundant where the fine detritus feeders were the dominant group. Periscelididae was the main free-swimming predator.     

新疆天池自然保护区生态环境变化及驱动因子分析

新疆天池自然保护区因其丰富的自然和人文资源极具保护与持续利用价值,近年来,由于旅游活动的日益频繁及人类活动干扰的不断加剧,出现了一系列的生态环境问题。本文以此保护区为对象,首先分析了保护区的环境质量变化趋势,如水环境质量下降、草地植被退化、自然生态条件变差等,揭示了保护区日趋面临的生物多样性锐减、水土流失加剧等主要生态环境问题,从气候变化、人为活动以及保护区发展规划等角度阐述了保护区生态环境变化的主要驱动因素,并以兹提出了相应的调控对策,可望为保护区生态环境保护与可持续管理提供理论支持。     

垸田开发与江汉平原湿地演化

从历史的角度阐述了江汉平原垸田开发的过程以及效应.通过分析,可以发现垸田兴衰与湿地演化呈现出明显的负相关性.垸田开发不但改变了湿地空间格局、降低了生物多样性,而且影响了地区发展的可持续性.要实现江汉平原湿地的可持续发展,必须协调好人地关系,切实保护好湿地资源.     

The termites of the Mayombe Forest Reserve,Congo (Brazzaville): transect sampling reveals an extremely high diversity of ground-nesting soil feeders

Sampling using a replicated standard transect method in an extensive undisturbed primary hill rain forest in Congo (Brazzaville) revealed a very high species richness of termites, especially soil-feeding soldierless termites (Apicotermitinae). The assemblage, as estimated by the transects, resembled that previously characterized in comparable forest in southern Cameroon, but with some species turnover reflecting the gamma diversity of the Guinean-Congolese block as a whole. Species richness was three or four times that shown by a previous study addressed to mound populations alone, emphasizing the importance of sampling soil-feeding termites neither building nor living in mounds.     

The catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) of central Sumatra

The freshwater and estuarine catfishes of central Sumatra draining to the Indian Ocean and between the Rokan and Batang Hari drainages are reported on the basis of literature records, museum material, and recent collections. Eighty-two species in 10 families are recorded from central Sumatra. Hemibagrus velox and Nanobagrus stellatus are described here as new species. Akysis macronema and Clarias olivaceus are redescribed here.     

Conservation of European environments: The Spheciformes wasps as biodiversity indicators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Ampulicidae,Sphecidae and Crabronidae)

The aim of this work is to propose the use of the Spheciformes wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae and Crabronidae) as indicators of European biodiversity. One advantage of studying this group of insects lies in the regulating effects that such wasps have on other insect populations. We discuss the applicability of seven criteria, taken from the literature, to use the Spheciformes wasps as an indicator group, with respect to which parameters this group offers guarantees of being good indicators of biodiversity, both for predicting the diversity of other groups of animals and for all the species of a given area.     

“Typhloplanoida” (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from the Indian Ocean,with the description of six new taxa

Seven typhloplanoids from the Indian Ocean are discussed; six of them are new to science. We place four of the new species within the Trigonostomidae. Gandalfia bilunata gen. nov. sp. nov. is characterized by a tubiform stylet and two semilunar structures in the afferent duct. Mahurubia clava gen. nov. sp. nov. has a gutter‐shaped stylet and a club‐shaped mouthpiece on the bursa. Parapharyngiella involucrum gen. nov. sp. nov. is characterized by a stylet in the form of a question mark and a bursal mouthpiece with a club‐shaped and a barrel‐shaped part. Poseidoplanella halleti gen. nov. sp. nov. is characterized by an unpaired ovary, a funnel‐shaped stylet connected with a plate, and a small, tubular bursal mouthpiece. Furthermore, new data are given on Ceratopera axi. The two other new species belong to the Typhloplanidae. Aegira annabellae gen. nov. sp. nov., a marine species, is characterized by a box‐shaped stylet and a long, pseudocuticularized ejaculatory duct. Castrada trispina sp., a freshwater species, has a copulatory bursa with three spines. Mahurubia clava gen. nov. sp. nov. and Parapharyngiella involucrum gen. nov. sp. nov. occur at Zanzibar, Tanzania. The other five species have been found on Kerguelen.