Prediction of sites under adaptive evolution in flavin-containing monooxygenases: Selection pattern revisited

Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), like cytochrome P450 (CYP), is a monooxygenase that uses the reducing equivalents of NADPH to reduce one atom of molecular oxygen to water, while the other atom is used to oxidize the substrate. Recently, it was shown that some CYP isoforms have been subject to positive selection. However, it is unknown whether the highly conserved phase I detoxification enzyme, FMO, has undergone similar positive Darwinian selection. We used maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution, evolutionary fingerprinting, and cross species comparison to investigate the occurrence of adaptive evolution in FMO sequences. We used recent genomic data from a range of species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. We present the evidence for the occurrence of adaptive evolution in mammalian FMO 3, 4, 5, and fugu FMOs but not in mammalian FMO 1, FMO 2, frog FMOs, other fish FMOs and invertebrate FMOs. The sites under adaptive evolution were significantly associated with the insertion domain in mammalian FMO 5. We identified specific amino acid sites in FMOs 3–5 that are likely targets for selection based on the patterns of parallel amino acid change. The most likely role of adaptive evolution is the repair of mutations that permitted optimal NADP+ binding and improved catalytic efficiency. The occurrence of positive selection during the evolution of phase I detoxification enzymes such as FMOs 3–5 and fugu FMO suggests the occurrence of both high selection pressure acting on species within their unique habitats and significant changes in intensity and direction (forms of xenobiotics and drugs) resulting from changes in microhabitat and food.     

Microstructure evolution of T91 heat-resistant steels after long-time aging

To investigate the evolution of microstructure damage degree and the precipitated phases of heat-resistant metal in power plant under high temperature and stress environment, the high-temperature aging tests were conducted to investigate the aging behavior of T91 steel at different temperatures and stress. The optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the structure and precipitated phases, the results showed that the orientation characteristics of tempered martensite was dispersed, and the grain size is obviously increased. The density of dislocation decreased with increasing temperature and stress. The important strengthening phase of M23C6 (M=Fe, Cr) was coarsened by the diffusion of main alloying elements Cr, while the smaller size MX (M=Nb,V; X=C, N) phase distributed in the grain is relatively stable in the aging.     

Policy Optimization Study Based on Evolutionary Learning

In order to achieve an intelligent and automated self-management network,dynamic policy configuration and selection are needed.A certain policy only suits to a certain network environment.If the network environment changes,the certain policy does not suit any more.Thereby,the policy-based management should also have similar natural selection process.Useful policy will be retained,and policies which have lost their effectiveness are eliminated.A policy optimization method based on evolutionary learning was p...     

跨国公司全球生产网络知识化演进探析

跨国公司全球生产网络的知识化演进,是随着经济全球化和知识经济的发展而出现的一种现象。它是多重因素综合作用的结果,有着不同的演进路径和模式,对世界区域经济的发展格局有着重要的影响。当前,通过模块化生产的途径融入全球生产网络知识化演进的进程,是我国跨国公司的理性选择。     

TiO2对粉煤灰及石英砂制备微晶玻璃组织转变的影响

利用粉煤灰与石英砂制备微晶玻璃，并对其进行不同工艺的热处理．通过对热处理后的试样研究发现：当粉煤灰质量分数为30％，未加TiO2时，试样在780℃加热时首先析出过渡相Ca2SiO。，在随后的高温晶化过程中，过渡相溶解消失，析出更稳定的平衡相钙长石；当TiO2质量分数为0—15％时，随着TiO2含量的增加，在780℃加热时由析出梭形的Ca2SiO。微晶转变为析出粒状的钙长石微晶；当粉煤灰质量分数增加到40％，TiO2质量分数为3．5％时试样中出现网状微晶组织，而加入的形核剂TiO2质量分数达到5％时试样中无网状微晶组织出现，说明TiO2对网状组织的析出具有明显抑制作用．     

春秋文字发展演变的初步考察

据目前所见出土古文字材料,春秋时期新造汉字593个,汉字系统进一步趋向完善和稳定,表意构件系统已比较成熟。汉字构形方式系统进一步调整与优化,表意类构形方式的功能趋向更加衰弱,形声构形方式的优势地位继续加强。汉字字形演变存在省简、增繁、替换和讹变等多种形式,有少数字形经变异后成为定型而进入文字系统传承,不过大多数汉字形体结构相对稳定。汉字的发展演变既表现为时代性的演进,同时又开始形成地域性风格特征。     

锦屏隆里至黎平古帮地区青白口纪末南华纪早期沉积作用特征

锦屏隆里至黎平古帮地区,青白口纪末南华纪早期沉积作用特征可概括为碎屑流-浊流-悬浮沉积、震积岩和冰碛岩(包括水下泥石流)三个系列,文中讨论了隆里组中下部发育的细砾岩波痕,指出白土地砂体为南华纪初因成冰期来临海平面下降而形成的特殊性地区沉积建造,即长安成冰期开始时低水位氧化环境下的斜坡扇,该砂体常发育与金矿化有关的硅化、...     

水城岩溶盆地成因及其演化

贵州西部水城岩溶盆地是一个典型的断陷岩溶盆地,它的成因不仅是溶蚀、溶解起了重要作用,更重要的是构造作用,特别是新构造运动起了决定性作用。整个盆地内碳酸盐岩广布,占总面积82.1％。其岩溶发育现象,地表水和地下水的补给、迳流、排泄都有独特特点。在地表水和地下水的作用下,形成了较特殊的岩溶景观。特别是目前由于自然和人为影响因素的叠加和介入,促进了岩溶发育和发展的规模。     

苏铁在种子植物进化中的位置：分子生物学的证据

用大分子rRNA快速测序法测定了苏铁(Cycas revoluta Thunb.)、水松[Glyptos-trobus pensilis(Staunt.)Koch]和南方红豆杉[Taxus mairei(Lemee et Levl)S.Y.Hu]三种裸子植物Ls-rRNA5′端区108个核苷酸的序列。用这些数据构建的rRNA系统树揭示了苏铁与水松和南方红豆杉构成一个关系密切的姐妹群,而所分析的被子植物都为另一自然类群。另以绿藻作为种子植物群外参照物种,表明苏铁这一位置并不是由于一个特异的进化速度所造成的。这一结果支持了苏铁与松杉类为一自然群类,它们的分歧发生在裸子植物与被子植物分歧之后的假说。     

长江水下三角洲沉积特征与发展趋势

长江水下三角洲是一个以径、潮流相互作用为主的沉积体。野外调查、分析资料证明,在三角洲前缘,沉积物由灰、黄色细、粉沙组成,分选较好。构造见波痕交错层理等,另夹似丘状交错层理风暴沉积层。由于受径流影响,有孔虫、超微属种、个数稀少,随着离河口距离增加,水体加深,前三角洲中沉积物颗粒变细,以粉沙质泥占优,分选变差。有机炭含量较高,潜穴发育。水平、波状层理中,经常出现风暴浊积层。有孔虫属种增至30种,个数几千枚。超微含量以大洋桥石为主,>50％。前三角洲向海,颗粒变为泥质沙,分选差。波痕交错层理。有孔虫属种多于40种,个数上万枚。它反映了三角洲一陆架过渡的浅海沉积环境特点。由于科氏力、径、潮流及苏北沿岸流的作用,长江水下三角洲沉积主体目前正逐步偏向东南,这导致北部不断受改造、废弃。