恩施州野生动物资源现状及保护对策研究

恩施州独特的生态环境,使得野考动物资源丰富多样,为了更好地保护和合理科学地开发利用野生动物资源,为恩施州经济建设服务,特对恩施州野生动物资源两头进行了分析、研究,并提出了保护和开发的建议。     

广西崇左叉叶苏铁野生和迁地保护种群的遗传多样性比较分析

叉叶苏铁[Cycas bifida （Dyer） K.D.Hill]为国家一级重点保护野生植物,了解广西崇左叉叶苏铁野生种群和迁地保护种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构,可为其种质资源的保护及管理提供指导。本研究利用筛选得到的6对稳定且多态性良好的Simple Sequence Repeat （SSR）引物,对位于崇左的4个叉叶苏铁野生种群和迁至桂林的1个叉叶苏铁迁地保护种群共109个个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析。结果表明： 4个野生种群的观测等位基因数平均值为2.875,有效等位基因数平均值为1.796,Shannon信息指数平均值为0.637,观测杂合度平均值为0.363,期望杂合度平均值为0.373,说明广西崇左叉叶苏铁遗传多样性水平较低。迁地保护种群的观测等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon信息指数、观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为3.000、1.865、0.686、0.323和0.391,说明迁地保护能提高叉叶苏铁遗传多样性。遗传结构中群体间遗传呈中度分化（0.134）,种群间遗传变异占25%,种群内遗传变异占75%,遗传变异主要来源于种群内。非加权组平均法（Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic means,UPGMA）、主坐标分析（Principal Co-ordinates Analysis,PCoA）和Structure分析表明109份样品可分为2类,迁地保护种群ZWS和野外种群PR为一类,其余3个种群为一类。野生种群中MALL的群体遗传多样性最高（Shannon信息指数为0.711,期望杂合度为0.394）,应将该种群作为重点保护单元进行保护。迁地保护种群ZWS的Shannon信息指数和期望杂合度均高于野生种群平均值,但Shannon信息指数略低于野生种群MALL,期望杂合度略低于野生种群MALL和YCLL。建议继续加强野生种群MALL和YCLL种群资源的引种工作,以便更有效地保护叉叶苏铁的遗传资源。     

北京地区野生草本观赏植物资源种类构成及其区系分析

选取北京地区11个自然植被保存较好的地区,通过查阅资料和现场踏查对野生草本观赏植物资源进行了调查,结果显示野生观赏草本植物共有54科166属289种,含属、种数较多的科有菊科、唇形科、毛茛科,其区系成分主要分布于北温带、旧世界温带等15个分布区类型,地理成分复杂,具有明显温带特征.     

鸟类禽流感与野鸟保护

野生鸟类是宝贵的自然资源,一方面由于其活动范围广,特别是候鸟还具有定期长距离迁飞的习性,既存在受禽流感病毒侵染致病的可能,也存在传播禽流感的潜在隐患。只有把病原生态学、流行病学、遗传学以及进化规律综合起来研究与宿主环境生态学之间的关系,才能更清楚的了解禽流感病毒的传播机制。另一方面由于自然因素以及人类不合理的开发利用活动的影响,使野生鸟类资源面临许多生态问题,并由此提出了相应的保护对策。     

灵芝野微粉的激光粒度测定法研究

灵芝的颗粒度对其药理作用有显著的影响．本文采用激光粒度法测定了灵芝野微粉的粒度．研究了分散别种类、分散剂用量、超声时间和测定温度对灵芝野微粉粒度测定的影响,得出最佳测定条件为：添加的分散剂为吐温-80：分散剂用量为1．0％：超声时间为≥6min;测定室温为5°C-35°C．     

Genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and evolutionary relationship among ecotypes of Glycine max and G. soja in China

The knowledge of origin and evolution of cultivated soybeans is one of the basic issues in both biology and agronomy of the crop. In order to investigate the nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and genetic relationship among geographic ecotypes of cultivated （Glycine max） and wild （G. soja） soybeans, the allelic profiles at 60 nuclear simple-sequence repeat （nuSSR） loci and 11 chloroplastic SSR （cpSSR） loci evenly distributed on whole genome of 393 landraces and 196 wild accessions from nation-wide growing areas in China were analyzed. （i） The genetic diversity of the wild soybean was obviously larger than that of the cultivated soybean, with their nuSSR and cpSSR alleles as 1067 vs. 980 and 57 vs 44, respectively. Of the 980 nuclear alleles detected in the cultivated soybean, 377 new ones （38.5%） emerged, while of the 44 chloroplastic alleles in the cultivated soybean, seven new ones （15.9%） emerged after domestication. （ii） Among the cultivated geographic ecotypes, those from southern China, including South-Central China, Southwest China and South China possessed relatively great genetic diversity than those from northern China, while among the wild geographic ecotypes, the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity. （iii） The analysis of molecular variance, association analysis between geographic grouping and molecular marker clustering and analysis of specific-present alleles of ecotypes demonstrated that the geographic differentiation of both cultivated and wild soybeans associated with their genetic differentiation, or in other words, had their relevant genetic bases. （iv） The cluster analysis of all accessions clearly showed that the wild accessions from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys and South-Central ＆ Southwest China had relatively small genetic distances with all cultivated accessions. The UPGMA dendrogram among geographic ecotypes further showed that the genetic distances between all cultivated ecotypes and the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype were smaller than those with other wild ones, including their local wild counterparts. Therefore, it is inferred that the wild ancestors in southern China, especially those from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys might be the common ancestor of all the cultivated soybeans.     

黑龙江省野生蔷薇科、榆科可食果实树种资源

黑龙江省各林区分布的野生蔷薇科、榆科果实可食用的树种57种(变种),占本省野生可食用果实树种的63%,其中蔷薇科的梨果、核果、蔷薇果树种48种,榆科的翅果9种.其果实可鲜食、酿酒、制饮料、果酱、糖果、食用油和入药等,应发展多种经营并科学、合理的开发利用.     

Identifying neutral allele Sb at pollen-sterility loci in cultivated rice with Oryza rufipogon origin

Pollen sterility is commonly found in the intra-specific hybrids of indica and japonica rice, which is one of the main constrains for the utilization of heterosis between indica and japonica. Six loci controlling the pollen sterility of F1 between indica and japonica have been identified from previous studies. Neutral alleles at each locus are potential to overcome the F1 pollen sterility associated with the locus. Therefore, exploitation and utilization of neutral alleles are of significant importance. The present research was based on fine mapping of the F1 pollen-sterility gene Sb and the abundant genetic diversity of Oryza rufipogon Griff. indigenous to Gaozhou, Guangdong Province （referred to as Gaozhou wild rice）. Crosses were made using Taichung65 （with the genotype of Sb^jSb^j and referred to as El） and its near-isogenic line of F1 pollen sterility gene Sb（with the genotype of Sb^iSb^i, E2） as female parents, and 12 different accessions of Gaozhou wild rice as male parents. F1 pollen fertility was examined to identify the materials having the neutral alleles at the F1 pollen-sterility locus. Segregation of 4 molecular markers tightly linked with the Sb locus was analyzed in the F2 populations derived from the FlS carrying the neutral gene. The pollen fertility related to the 3 genotypes of the molecular markers was also checked by statistical test to determine whether it was consistent with the hypothesis. The results showed that the pollen fertility of two F1s from one accession of Gaozhou wild rice （GZW099） with E1 and E2 was （89.2±21.07）% and （85.65±1.05）%, respectively. Both of them were fertile and showed no significant difference by t-test. Segregation of the 3 genotypes of the 4 molecular markers followed the expected Mendelian ratio （1：2：1） in the F2 populations. There was no significant difference for the averaged pollen fertility of the plants related to the 3 genotypes, suggesting that no interaction exists between the alleles at the Sb locus in GZW099 and Taichung65 or E2. Evidentially, GZW099 carried the neutral gene （named Sb″Sb″） at the Sb locus, which provides valuable theoretical basis and resources for further studying and overcoming the sterility of indica-japonica hybrids.     

野生稻种质资源利用研究

文章综述了近年来野生稻遗传基础方面的研究及其利用的伟大成就．野生稻是水稻育种的重要基因库．与栽培稻亲缘关系较近的 Ａ Ａ 染色体组型野生稻,其优异基因的转移和利用已取得辉煌成就．非 Ａ Ａ 型野生稻与栽培稻远缘杂交不亲和是阻碍其优异基因利用的障碍．常规杂交和现代生物技术（胚拯救技术和细胞工程）相结合是克服种间屏障的有效方法     

大麦黄花叶病抗性机理的初步研究

不同抗性的大麦品种（系）被黄花叶病毒侵染后,叶片中叶绿素,可溶性蛋白质,游离脯氨酸的含量有规律地变化,研究结果表明,感病后,大麦叶片内叶绿素,可溶性蛋白质含量下降,感病品种下降幅度大于抗性品种,而游离脯氨酸含量增加,抗性品种增加的幅度比幅度比感病品种大,同时发现,叶绿素,可溶性蛋白质,游离脯氨酸的含量与病情指数呈显著的负相关。