温度胁迫对10种菊科杂草丙二醛和可溶性糖的影响

利用人工培养箱,人为地调节温度条件,研究了大蓟(Cirsium souliei)、加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron cana-densis L.)、清明菜(Herba Gnaphalii Affinis)、白蒿(Herba Artemisiae Scoparia)、苦荬菜(Ixeris chinesis(Thun b.)Nakal)、马兰(Baphicacanthus cusia)、天名精(Carpesium abrotanoides L.)、黄鹌菜(Youngia japonica(Linn.)DC.)、泥胡菜(Hemistepta lyrataBunge)和小蓟(Herba Cephalanoploris)等10种菊科杂草在不同温度胁迫强度下,其丙二醛和可溶性糖含量的变化.在温度胁迫下,10种菊科杂草体内丙二醛和可溶性糖都表现出积累的现象,尤其在4℃低温和44℃高温的积累明显高于常温24℃.积累的量随时间的延长而增加,但不同植物积累的程度也不尽相同,显示了不同杂草对温度抗性的反应强弱不同.     

5%豆草特水剂肇东苜蓿田防除杂草试验研究

目的:探讨研究5%豆草特水剂三江平原土壤处理对肇东苜蓿田防除杂草药效试验,可得出5%豆草特水剂使用量和使用方法.方法:通过十八小区试验,药后15d、30d对残存杂草数量及鲜重进行调查.结果:5%豆草特水剂1500~1800ml/hm2土壤处理肇东苜蓿出苗和生长良好,对肇东苜蓿根瘤和产量没有影响.结论:肇东苜蓿田经试验最佳应用剂量为1500~1800ml/hm2,施药器械可以为人工和机动车载均匀喷雾,最适宜兑水量:450~600L/hm2.     

凉山州主要外来杂草种类及危害

外来杂草已对凉山州的农作物生产、果园、草坪、环境和生物多样性等造成了严重危害。本文论述了凉山州主要外来杂草的种类及其危害。     

Invaders,weeds and the risk from genetically manipulated organisms

Invaders, weeds and colonizers comprise different but overlapping sets of species. The probability of successful invasion is low. The 10:10 rule state that 10% of introduced speices (those with feral individuals) become established, 10% of established species (those with self-sustaining populations) become pests. The rule gives an adequate fit to British plant data. The rule predicts that invaders will be rarer than natives. This is shown for British Anatidae. There is a continuous spectrum of perceived weediness. Although this spectrum is significantly related to Baker characters, neither those characters or any others can usefully predict which species will be weeds over a wide range of species. Characters tuned to sets of closely related species shown more promise. A study of BritishImpatiens shows that the characters responsible for critical ecological behaviour are still obscure. Small genetic changes can cause large ecological changes. GMOs will have characters entirely new to that species' evolutionary history. While most will have little ecological effect, a few may be ecologically and economically damaging. A sensible programme of field trials and monitoring is justified to minimize the risk.     

川西北草地应用2,4—滴丁酯的除莠效应

选用2,4—滴丁酯除莠剂,在川西北荒芜人工草地上,按一定浓度配药喷雾,对处理后不同时间的草地随机取样,选取6个样方进行莠草杀灭效果实测。结果表明:该除草剂对八种典型莠草有显著防除效果;且在喷药后一定时间内,随时间的延长,除莠效果进一步提高。鉴于川西北草地莠草现状及化学除莠效益,建议大面积推广使用这种高效、低毒、低残毒除莠剂。     

Gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to cruciferous weeds under mentor pollen inducement

The alien gene flow between genetically modified glyphosate-resistant rapeseed variety Q3 (Brassica napus L.) and four cruciferous weeds was studied under mentor pollen inducement. The results showed that when Thlaspi arvense L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic, Cardamine hirsute L. and Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser were pollinated with mentor pollen, the mixed Q3 and the weed, pollen grains aggregated largely and germinated quickly, and the numbers of pollen tubes penetrating into the style and the ovary were greatly increased as compared with corresponding self-pollination groups. Twenty four to forty eight hours after pollination, several pollen tubes were observed to penetrate into the ovule via micropyle in each mentor combination. However, when the mentor progenies were analyzed by PCR, all of them showed negative for the Q3 herbicide-resistant gene. Collectively, these results indicated that crossing between T. arvense, C. bursa-pastoris, C. hirsuta, R. palustris (as female) and Q3 (as male) was highly incompatible and the herbicide-resistant gene could not flow from Q3 to these four weeds.     

化学除草剂在苗圃地的应用试验

通过对除草剂的应用试验,不同除草剂的单独使用对阔叶杂草的除草能力,从强到弱依次为:百草枯、草甘膦、扑草净、果尔、都尔、乙草胺、高效盖草能、精禾草克;对禾本科杂草的除草能力从强到弱依次为:百草枯、扑草净、高效盖草能、草甘膦、精禾草克、果尔、乙草胺、都尔。不同除草剂的混合使用相对于单一除草剂效果和性能都有了明显的提高,特别是克乙丁试剂无论对阔叶杂草或禾本科杂草除草率都达到了100%;混合除草剂的抑草期也比单一除草剂要长。通过对难除杂草的效果试验,发现加大草甘膦浓度能提高除草效果;克乙丁试剂、草二试剂、扑草净对有害生物—加拿大一枝黄花有较好的除草效果。     

城乡梯度上一年生杂草叶片氮磷含量的变化及其与土壤氮磷的关系

在上海城乡梯度上,选取隶属于禾本科和菊科的3种广布型一年生杂草:狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)和醴肠(Eclipta prostrata),通过测定3种杂草单位质量叶片氮含量、单位质量叶片磷含量及其生境中土壤总氮、总磷的含量,分析城乡梯度上植物叶片氮磷含量的变化及其与土壤氮磷之间的关系.结果表明:1总体上,从中心城区至远郊区,3种一年生杂草的叶片氮含量显著上升,而叶片磷含量无显著变化;2其中,狗尾草与醴肠的叶片氮含量呈显著上升趋势,狗尾草叶片磷含量呈显著上升趋势;3土壤总氮、总磷与植物单位质量叶片氮、叶片磷总量呈显著性负相关(p0.05).综上可知,杂草的叶片氮磷含量对城市化有显著响应,物种间存在差异;土壤氮磷含量的变化是其成因之一.     

种植制度对开封和封丘地区麦田杂草群落结构和生物多样性的影响

2005、2006年4～5月份,对开封和封丘地区的小麦-玉米和小麦-水稻两种种植制度条件下冬小麦麦田杂草群落结构进行调查和统计分析.结果表明,两种种植制度麦田杂草种群相似性系数分别是0.65和0.51.二者相比较,小麦-玉米种植制田间杂草优势集中度较低,生物多样性较高,表现为物种丰度高15%～24%,生物多样性高11%～37%,均匀度与种植制度的关系不显著.     

三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物对杂草的化感作用

以三叶鬼针草、稗草和莲子草3种杂草为受体植物,测定三裂叶蟛蜞菊茎叶挥发物对3种杂草种子萌发时的化感作用活性。结果表明,三裂叶蟛蜞菊的茎叶在密闭系统中产生的挥发性物质对三叶鬼针草、稗草和莲子草的幼苗生长有显著抑制作用。利用水蒸气蒸馏法所得的三裂叶蟛蜞菊茎叶挥发油对稗草、三叶鬼针草和莲子草的幼苗生长也有显著抑制作用,且抑制作用随着浓度的增大而增强。实验结果表明三裂叶蟛蜞茎叶挥发物是其产生化感作用的主要途径之一。