中国股市波动的异方差模型及其SPA检验

以中国股票市场最具代表性的股价指数-上证综指的高频(High-frequency)数据样本为例,实证计算了以GARCH族模型和随机波动(Stochastic volatility)模型为代表的不同异方差模型对中国股市波动率的预测,并进一步运用SPA(Superior predictive ability)检验法,实证检验了不同异方差模型对中国股市波动的刻画能力和预测精度问题.实证结果显示,就中国股市而言,随机波动(Stochastic volatility)模型是预测精度最高的异方差模型,但在某些损失函数标准下,EGARCH模型也具有良好的波动预测表现.     

波动率风险溢价——基于VIX的实证

波动率风险溢价是金融学文献关注的核心问题之一. 基于非仿射GARCH扩散模型,推导相应的VIX公式,继而采用S&P500与VIX 指数联合数据,给出模型客观与风险中性参数基于有效重要性抽样（EIS）的联合极大似然（ML）估计. 进一步利用粒子滤波 方法给出隐波动率的估计,推断VIX隐含的波动率风险溢价. 蒙特卡罗模拟实验表明,提出的估计方法是有效的. 采用实 际数据进行的实证研究表明,波动率风险被定价,且波动率风险溢价为负,隐含市场投资者整体表现为风险厌恶.     

羊群行为加剧股票价格波动吗?

羊群行为是否加剧股票价格波动,已有研究甚至给出截然相反的结论.假定交易者买卖观点的转变主要受其对股票基础价值认知和其他交易者行为的影响,本文构建描述市场平均投资态度和股票价格变化的数学模型,利用离散动力系统的相关理论研究模型的稳定性,并根据金融市场稳定与否对羊群行为程度进行界定.研究结果表明,在轻度羊群效应区间内,股票价格相应地呈现微幅周期波动;在中度羊群效应区间内,股票价格在经历一段时间的阻尼式波动后收敛至均衡价格,并且在此区间中存在最优的羊群行为,它促使股票价格以最快的速度逼近均衡价格;而在重度羊群效应区间,股票价格发生大幅的非理性波动,可以导致股市严重泡沫和金融危机的产生.     

A comparison of conditional predictive ability of implied volatility and realized measures in forecasting volatility

In a conditional predictive ability test framework, we investigate whether market factors influence the relative conditional predictive ability of realized measures (RMs) and implied volatility (IV), which is able to examine the asynchronism in their forecasting accuracy, and further analyze their unconditional forecasting performance for volatility forecast. Our results show that the asynchronism can be detected significantly and is strongly related to certain market factors, and the comparison between RMs and IV on average forecast performance is more efficient than previous studies. Finally, we use the factors to extend the empirical similarity (ES) approach for combination of forecasts derived from RMs and IV.     

Forecasting stock volatility in the presence of extreme shocks: Short-term and long-term effects

This paper introduces a novel generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity–mixed data sampling–extreme shocks (GARCH-MIDAS-ES) model for stock volatility to examine whether the importance of extreme shocks changes in different time ranges. Based on different combinations of the short- and long-term effects caused by extreme events, we extend the standard GARCH-MIDAS model to characterize the different responses of the stock market for short- and long-term horizons, separately or in combination. The unique timespan of nearly 100 years of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) daily returns allows us to understand the stock market volatility under extreme shocks from a historical perspective. The in-sample empirical results clearly show that the DJIA stock volatility is best fitted to the GARCH-MIDAS-SLES model by including the short- and long-term impacts of extreme shocks for all forecasting horizons. The out-of-sample results and robustness tests emphasize the significance of decomposing the effect of extreme shocks into short- and long-term effects to improve the accuracy of the DJIA volatility forecasts.     

Forecasting under model uncertainty: Non-homogeneous hidden Markov models with Pòlya-Gamma data augmentation

We consider finite state-space non-homogeneous hidden Markov models for forecasting univariate time series. Given a set of predictors, the time series are modeled via predictive regressions with state-dependent coefficients and time-varying transition probabilities that depend on the predictors via a logistic/multinomial function. In a hidden Markov setting, inference for logistic regression coefficients becomes complicated and in some cases impossible due to convergence issues. In this paper, we aim to address this problem utilizing the recently proposed Pólya-Gamma latent variable scheme. Also, we allow for model uncertainty regarding the predictors that affect the series both linearly — in the mean — and non-linearly — in the transition matrix. Predictor selection and inference on the model parameters are based on an automatic Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme with reversible jump steps. Hence the proposed methodology can be used as a black box for predicting time series. Using simulation experiments, we illustrate the performance of our algorithm in various setups, in terms of mixing properties, model selection and predictive ability. An empirical study on realized volatility data shows that our methodology gives improved forecasts compared to benchmark models.     

On the Modelling and Forecasting of Multivariate Realized Volatility: Generalized Heterogeneous Autoregressive (GHAR) Model

Recent multivariate extensions of the popular heterogeneous autoregressive model (HAR) for realized volatility leave substantial information unmodelled in residuals. We propose to employ a system of seemingly unrelated regressions to model and forecast a realized covariance matrix to capture this information. We find that the newly proposed generalized heterogeneous autoregressive (GHAR) model outperforms competing approaches in terms of economic gains, providing better mean–variance trade‐off, while, in terms of statistical precision, GHAR is not substantially dominated by any other model. Our results provide a comprehensive comparison of the performance when realized covariance, subsampled realized covariance and multivariate realized kernel estimators are used. We study the contribution of the estimators across different sampling frequencies, and show that the multivariate realized kernel and subsampled realized covariance estimators deliver further gains compared to realized covariance estimated on a 5‐minute frequency. In order to show economic and statistical gains, a portfolio of various sizes is used. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Forecasting the Daily Time‐Varying Beta of European Banks During the Crisis Period: Comparison Between GARCH Models and the Kalman Filter

This intention of this paper is to empirically forecast the daily betas of a few European banks by means of four generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models and the Kalman filter method during the pre‐global financial crisis period and the crisis period. The four GARCH models employed are BEKK GARCH, DCC GARCH, DCC‐MIDAS GARCH and Gaussian‐copula GARCH. The data consist of daily stock prices from 2001 to 2013 from two large banks each from Austria, Belgium, Greece, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. We apply the rolling forecasting method and the model confidence sets (MCS) to compare the daily forecasting ability of the five models during one month of the pre‐crisis (January 2007) and the crisis (January 2013) periods. Based on the MCS results, the BEKK proves the best model in the January 2007 period, and the Kalman filter overly outperforms the other models during the January 2013 period. Results have implications regarding the choice of model during different periods by practitioners and academics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross‐Section Stock Return and Implied Covariance between Jump and Diffusive Volatility

I examine the information content of option‐implied covariance between jumps and diffusive risk in the cross‐sectional variation in future returns. This paper documents that the difference between realized volatility and implied covariance (RV‐ICov) can predict future returns. The results show a significant and negative association of expected return and realized volatility–implied covariance spread in both the portfolio level analysis and cross‐sectional regression study. A trading strategy of buying a portfolio with the lowest RV‐ICov quintile portfolio and selling with the highest one generates positive and significant returns. This RV‐Cov anomaly is robust to controlling for size, book‐to‐market value, liquidity and systematic risk proportion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有偏胖尾分布下的金融市场风险测度方法

通过对上证综指和世界股市若干重要指数收益的统计特征分析发现,无论是成熟资本市场还是新兴资本市场,其收益分布都展现出较为显著的“有偏”和“尖峰胖尾”特征,因此,主流金融理论假定的正态分布或对称学生分布都无法全面准确刻画股市收益的真实分布特征和风险状况。通过引入有偏的学生分布,分析和对比了不同收益分布假定下的市场波动率和风险价值计算方法,并利用风险价值的失败率似然比检验以及动态分位数回归检验法,实证分析了不同分布模型的适用范围和精确程度,探讨了非正态分布假定下的金融市场风险测度方法。