纵横向荷载作用下PHC管桩的有限元分析

为研究纵横向荷载作用下PHC管桩的承载性能,通过经试验验证的有限元模型,考虑了地应力和桩土接触的影响,通过变换土体的参数、桩头自由长度、桩端土特性等影响管桩承载力的因素,对竖向和水平荷载共同作用下管桩的受力特性进行了分析.竖向荷载的作用能提高管桩的水平承载能力.同时,还分析了水平荷载对管桩竖向沉降的影响.在竖向荷载较小...     

无患子细根形态及垂直分布特征对配方施肥措施的响应

【目的】探究不同施肥处理下无患子细根垂直分布特征与形态差异,以及氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)对细根生长的影响及其交互作用,为中国南方地区广泛种植的生物质能源树种无患子的科学培育提供支撑。【方法】以福建省三明市建宁县 8年生无患子原料林为研究对象,对N、P、K肥料各设置 3个水平,采用“3414”随机区组设计进行配方施肥试验,共 14个处理,以不施肥为对照(CK),设置 3个区组,共 42个处理小区,每小区 5株作为重复。分别在2015年生长季末、2016年花期前、2016年果实迅速生长期按照配比开沟施 3次肥料,2016年12月在每个处理小区选取 4株平均标准木样株,在距树1 m处分 3层(0~20 cm、≥20~40 cm、≥40~60 cm)采集林地土柱样品,研究各处理 3层土壤内的细根分布规律及细根形态。【结果】无患子细根主要分布在0~20 cm土层,呈各土层逐层递减的规律,0~20 cm土层细根生物量(fine root biomass, FRB)及根长密度(fine root length density, FRLD)是 ≥20~40 cm土层的1.51~2.52倍和1.82~2.25倍,是 ≥40~60 cm土层的6.29~13.17倍和6.03~9.31倍。无患子FRB、FRLD、细根表面积(fine root surface area, FRSA)及细根平均直径(fine root average diameter, FRAD)均随着N、P、K施肥量的增加呈先增加后平缓降低的变化趋势,而细根比根长(fine specific root length, SRL)随着施肥量的增加表现为先降低再急剧增加而后平稳降低的变化规律。对根系促进效果最佳的N2P2K2处理在0~20 cm土层的FRB及FRLD较不施肥(CK)分别显著提高了152%和164%,≥20~40 cm土层较不施肥(CK)分别显著提高了242%和161%,≥40~60 cm土层较CK分别显著提高了385%和135%。【结论】无患子FRB、FRLD和FRSA在0~60 cm土层范围内逐层递减,有明显的垂直分布特点。在缺P条件下施用N肥和K肥对无患子根系生长影响效果较小,需要在一定范围内增加土壤养分有效性以促进无患子细根生长及生物量积累。施肥量较为充足时,无患子能够根据 ≥40~60 cm土层土壤养分资源有效性调整细根分布结构,以充分吸收养分。N和P的交互作用对FRB、FRLD、FRAD和SRL的影响达极显著水平,与无患子细根生长的相关性较大。在配方施肥处理下无患子细根生长的拟合模型分析基础上建议施N肥693 kg/hm²、施P肥321 kg/hm²、施K肥432 kg/hm²。     

Experimental study of heat transfer of ultra-supercritical pressure water in vertical upward internally ribbed tube

Under ultra-supercritical pressure, the heat transfer characteristics of water in vertical upward 4-head internally ribbed tubes with a diameter of 28.65mm and thickness of 8mm were experimentally studied. The experiments were performed at P=25～34MPa, G=450～1800kg/(m2·s) and q=200～600kW/m2. The results show that the pressure has only a moderate effect on the heat transfer of ultra-supercritical water when the water temperature is below the pseudocritical point. Sharp rise of the wall temperature near the pesudocritical region occurs earlier at a higher pressure. Increasing the mass velocity improves the heat transfer with a much stronger effect below the pesudocritical point than that above the pesudocritical point. For given pressure and mass velocity, the inner wall heat flux also shows a significant effect on the inner wall temperature, with a higher inner wall heat flux leading to a higher inner wall temperature. Increasing of inner wall heat flux leads to an early occurrence of sharp rise of the wall temperature. Correlations of heat transfer coefficients are also presented for vertical upward internally ribbed tubes.     

The Entropy of System Decreases with the Deflection from the Equiprobability Distribution

1　IntroductionEntropy,asameasurementthatdescribestheuncertaintyofsubsystemsdistributioninasystem,hasdevelopedunceasingly.First,R.J.E.Clausiusintroduceditintothermodynamics,asastatefunction,todescribetheauto-evolutionabilityofthestate.Thedifferenceofentropybetweenthetwostatesequalstothequantityofheatabsorbedbythesysteminanisothermalprocess,thatisS2-S1=∫21dQT(1)　　L.E.Boltzmannconnecteditwiththeuncertaintyofsubsystemsdistributioninathermodynamicalsystem.Theentropyofathermodynamicalsystem…     

Space use by two arboreal rodent species in a Neotropical cloud forest

Studying animal space use patterns can help increase our understating of ecological processes such as competition and community dynamics. To quantify space and habitat use in an isolated and patchy cloud forest community in Mexico, we evaluate the vertical stratification, home range and habitat selection of two arboreal rodents: Habromys schmidlyi and Reithrodontomys microdon. Using live-traps at ground level and different forest strata, we radio-equipped nine individuals of H. schmidlyi and seven of R. microdon, and evaluated fine-scale space use and broad-scale habitat selection between cloud forest and oak forest. We found an average home range of 0.24 ha for R. microdon males and 0.72 ha for females, with a preference for higher canopy in the cloud forest. For H. schmidlyi the home range was 0.83 ha for males and 0.29 ha for females, with a preference for the understory level in the cloud forest. Home range is three-dimensional for these rodents, so we estimate that on average, individuals of both species used eight trees in the time they were tracked. We characterised the vegetation at the trap sites, and used recursive partitioning to relate the presence of different plants with the probability of finding these two species and Peromyscus aztecus, a third rodent species also present in the area and considered in our analysis of habitat use. The highest probability of finding R. microdon (96%) was related to the presence of Brachythecium occidentale and Renauldia mexicana, while H. schmidlyi (95%) was found in close proximity to Fabronia ciliaris and Everniastrum. We highlight the importance of arboreal trapping in biodiversity assessments, and the role of arboreal rodents in maintaining tropical forest ecosystems. We suggest that these rodent species could avoid or reduce competition by using the vertical strata differentially, and that H. schmidlyi and R. microdon can be biological indicators for cloud forest management and conservation.     

排水板施工对软黏土扰动的现场试验研究

通过软黏土地基上塑料排水板施工过程的孔隙水压力观测及现场十字板强度试验,研究了排水板施工前后地基土体孔隙水压力增长和消散的规律,并且从软黏土地基的有效应力变化和结构扰动等方面分析了土体强度损失及恢复过程.结果表明:单根排水板施工引起的孔隙水压力增长较小,仅对表层孔隙水压力影响大;板群的施工对4 m范围内土体孔隙水压力的增长有叠加效应;排水板施工一方面使软土地基内的孔隙水压力增长,有效应力减小,导致软土强度的降低,另一方面使地基软土结构发生破坏而引起软土强度降低;孔隙水压力的增长引起的地基土强度损失恢复较快,而结构扰动引起的强度损失恢复较慢.     

高强轻集料钢筋混凝土梁抗弯性能试验

通过对6根高强轻集料钢筋混凝土梁和1根普通钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯试验,研究了高强轻集料钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力、荷载-挠度变化关系、破坏形式、延性和抗裂性能等抗弯力学行为．试验结果表明：在短期荷载作用下,高强轻集料钢筋混凝土梁的挠度和最大裂缝宽度均满足正常使用极限状态的要求．纯弯段无腹筋的高强轻集料钢筋混凝土梁在破坏时表现出较强的脆性,延性要比同一强度等级普通混凝土梁略差．在试验分析的基础上,提出适用于高强轻集料钢筋混凝土梁的抗裂度计算方法．     

大型立式电机有限元结构仿真分析

基于Solid Edge建立了某型号大功率电机的实体模型,在MSC.PATRAN环境下,建立了相应的有限元模型,调用MSC.NASTRAN对有限元模型进行了仿真,通过对电机整机的运动学分析、模态分析和静力学分析,得到了电机两端轴承的受力状态以及应力、应变、位移等参数值.根据仿真结果,进行了电机的强度和刚度的校核.结果表明:现有电机的结构基本满足设计要求,同时给出了电机结构的优化方案,为同类产品的开发和改进提供了参考.     

竖向地震加速度对堤坝抗震性能影响分析

将堤坝地震动力响应的有限元效值分析方法与坝坡地震滑移量的Newmark估算方法相结合,通过效值计算探讨了水平与竖向加速度组合作用下堤坝的抗震稳定性．首先以堤坝地震动力响应的二维平面应变有限元分析为基础,按照Makdisi与Seed所建议的计算方法估算堤坝安全系效的变化过程,依此对地震过程中堤坝的瞬态稳定性进行评价．对瞬时安全系效小于1的时段,采用Newmark方法估算滑坡体的可能滑移量,进而由此评判堤坝的抗震安全性．最后,针对一座高度为100m的堤坝,分别采用正弦波和实际El-Centro地震加速度记录作为激励,通过具体效值计算讨论了竖向地震加速度对堤坝抗震稳定性的影响．研究表明竖向加速度对堤坝瞬态稳定性及地震滑移量均具有显著影响,在堤坝抗震设计中应合理地予以考虑．     

基于幂函数控制指令的垂直飞行仿真性能分析

基于模态直接切换的飞行高度控制方法,在输入控制指令后,存在控制量输出震荡,甚至发散的问题。幂函数符合飞行高度指令变化规律,以此为原型函数,推导给定高度,当前高度和垂直速度之间的关系,将这一变换关系作为垂直速度控制回路的输入指令,设计了平稳控制系统,该系统不需要进行控制模态切换,就可以实现飞行高度保持,以及飞行高度的改变。通过A320飞行仿真平台对设计的平稳控制系统进行性能分析,结果表明该系统可以实现高度的平稳控制,且稳态误差得到了很好抑制。