北京昆玉河夏季水-气界面CO2通量日变化研究

以昆玉河为例,采用LGR-动态通量箱法,对城市河流夏季水-气界面CO2释放通量进行24h连续监测．结果表明,观测点处水-气界面CO2释放通量具有明显的日变化特征．24h内CO2释放通量在-27．18～12．51mg·m1·h1,平均值-7．28mg·m-2·h-1,昼间平均值为-8．81mg·m-2·h-1,夜间平均值为-4．22mg·m-2·h．24h内水-气界面CO2通量,极大值出现在21：20为12．51mg·mq·h-1,极小值出现在6：20为-27．18mg·m1·h～．在夏季城市河流水-气界面CO2通量受到气温、风速、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、总碱度（TA）等因素影响,使城市河流成为大气CO2的碳“汇”之一．     

用脉冲谱-优化法求解对流-扩散方程源项控制反问题

作者曾撰文求解了对流-扩散方程边界条件控制反问题，可根据下游河道的环境容量反求上游边界的限制浓度，作为确定排放标准的参考．在此基础上，本文求解对流-扩散方程的另一类反问题——源项控制反问题，并考虑了水流自净能力；作为典型的算例，可根据下游河道的环境容量反求散布在上游河道中的若干个污染源的限制强度．本文的成果与前文的成果相结合，可基本解决一维河道的污染源控制问题．解算方法仍为作者在前文中提出的脉冲谱-优化法，但本文导出了目标泛函对未知源项的变分的解析表达式．计算结果表明，用脉冲谱-优化法求解源项控制反问题，避免了传统的“试错法”，求解所需的信息少，计算精度高、速度快，能一次解出若干个污染点源的限制强度，在环境水力学领域有广泛的实用意义，也可用于泥沙悬移质控制问题．     

脑脊液病变微波测试

介绍了一种简单的用于测试脑脊液变化的微波装置及测试方法和结果。     

上海市亚微米颗粒物中水溶性含氮组分的分布特征

细颗粒态无机和有机含氮组分的形成、转化、传输和沉降在大气氮循环中发挥重要作用. 为了解上海亚微米颗粒物(PM$_{1}$)中含氮物质的质量浓度、组成及季节变化特征, 使用大流量采样器采集了 2017—2018 年 66 个 PM$_{1}$ 样品, 并应用离子色谱仪和紫外/可见光光度计分析了水溶性无机离子和水溶性有机氮(water-soluble organic nitrogen, WSON)的质量浓度. 结果表明: 上海 PM$_{1}$中NH$_{4}^{+}$-N、NO$_{3}^{-}$-N、WSON 的年平均质量浓度分别为 1.79、0.97、0.41 μg/m³; NH$_{4}^{+}$-N 对水溶性总氮(water-soluble total nitrogen, WSTN)的贡献最高(56%), NO$_{3}^{-}$-N 次之(31%), WSON 为 13%. 上海PM$_{1}$中含氮组分的质量浓度存在冬季最高、夏季最低的季节变化趋势, 但NH$_{4}^{+}$-N、NO$_{3}^{-}$-N 和 WSON 对 WSTN 贡献的季节变化存在明显的不同, NH$_{4}^{+}$-N 在不同季节变化较小, NO$_{3}^{-}$-N 表现出显著的冬高(38%)、夏低(18%)的特点, 而 WSON 夏季最高(22%)、冬季最低(8%). 正矩阵因子分解(positive matrix factorisation, PMF)法的源解析结果表明: 二次反应和生物质燃烧贡献了上海 PM$_{1}$ 中 WSON 的 48%, 燃煤贡献了 11%, 植物源挥发性有机化合物二次转化贡献了 20%, 餐饮和机动车贡献了 21%. WSON 的来源有显著的季节变化.     

基于改进烟花算法的以太网通信链路调度方法

针对工业以太网通信链路调度延时大及效率较低的问题,提出一种基于改进烟花算法的实时周期消息任务调度(CVFWA)方法.以降低网络传输时延为目标,首先,将传统烟花算法的连续解空间映射到实时周期序列调度问题的离散解空间;其次,为增加种群的多样性,在高斯变异过程中引入变异系数;最后,采用基于中位数锦标赛的选择策略代替欧氏距离选...     

二维目标的微波成像新方法

首先从体等效原理出发，得到一个积分方程组，该方程组将目标的介电常数与目标内总场及接收点上的散射场联系起来。随后，对该方程组求变分，寻求散射场对目标介电参数的梯度方向，得到反演方程。文中列举了几个典型反演实例，考察了方法的收敛速度、运行时间及对复杂目标的适应能力等因素，所得结果相当令人满意，为了尽量与实际探测接近，文中还讨论了方法抗随机噪声的能力，模拟表明，该方法具有相当强的抗噪声性能。     

北冰洋环境快速变化与生态响应*

随着全球变暖的加剧,北冰洋环境正在发生快速变化,水温升高、夏季海冰覆盖面积和海冰储量下降、淡水输入增加、盐度下降、海水酸化现象初现,导致原本依托海冰生存的北冰洋生态系统遭受前所未有的冲击。已有研究表明,与冰相关生物的生存状况正在恶化,初级生产者个体呈现小型化趋势,冰藻减少影响底栖生物产量,亚北极种入侵。由于北极环境和生态系统变化远超预期,而人类对生态系统、特别是北冰洋中心区的了解非常有限,如何尽快建立观测体系、加强对生态系统的了解、预测潜在的变化成为未来的重要课题。     

Response of downstream sediment to water resource development in mainstream of the Lancang River

The impact of hydropower cascades of the Lancang River on downstream sedimentation has become one of the key problems in the research of the transboundary water resource development and its possible environmental effects. In this paper, the newest sediment data series spanning 17 years （1987-2003） at Yunjinghong hydrometric station and Chiang Saen hydrometric station, in northern Thailand, are analyzed to reveal these effects. Monthly mean sediment concentration data of the two stations are compared in-phase and yearly series are analyzed by the method of correlation and regression analysis and causality test. The analysis result shows that, though both of them are located at lower reaches of Manwan and Dachaoshan hydropower stations which are already constructed and in use, the sediment responses of the two stations are different under the regulation of the hydropower stations Annual series at Yunjinghong station are positively correlated but do not match well with those at Chiang Saen station. In addition, the results of Granger causality test on the time series also suggest that the series of maximum monthly mean sediment concentration of the Yunjinghong station each year may give cause for the ones of Chiang Saen station, while the series of minimum monthly mean sediment concentration each year and annual mean sediment concentration of Yunjinghong do not evidently give cause for the ones of the other station. Undoubtedly, this discovery will provide new evidences to assess the impacts of cascades construction in mainstream of the Lancang River on the variation of downstream sediment and its transboundary effects.     

Seasonal variation of the temperature profile and its characteristics within urban roughness sublayer

By using conventional micro-meteorological observation data of Beijing Yuetan Park Tower (180 m), the temperature profile of urban boundary layer (UBL), its characteristics and seasonal variation are analyzed. The main results are as follows: (1) In winter, the interdiurnal surface air temperature varia- tion at the surface is not synchronized with that of the upper levels, other than in summer and other seasons, which illuminates the impacts of Beijing’s geographical location, sky view factor and stably st...