海南岛台风灾害综合危险评价

为更好地揭示海南岛台风灾害危险分布规律,耦合孕灾环境敏感和致灾因子危险两方面因素,利用海南岛1980-2019年台风数据,运用组合权重法,构建海南岛台风灾害综合危险评价模型,并按10年间隔划分为4个年代,得到海南岛不同时期台风灾害综合危险分区.结果 表明:①孕灾环境敏感程度在空间上具有从东部、西南部沿海向内陆逐渐降低趋势,以中低敏感区为主,面积占比30.88％,高敏感区面积1495.02 km2,占比为4.42％;②致灾危险程度随时间推移呈现上升一下降—上升变化趋势,空间分布具有从沿海向内陆呈逐级递减趋势特征;2001-2009年致灾因子危险程度低的范围最广,面积为25624.85 km2,占比达75.7％;2010-2019年致灾因子危险程度高的范围最广,面积占比达34.78％;③台风灾害综合危险随时间变化呈现下降—升高趋势,空间上均具有从东北部、西南部沿海向中部内陆和西北部沿海降低特征;2001-2009年综合危险指数最低,面积占比为29.61％;2010-2019年代综合危险指数最高,面积占比达42.08％;④台风灾害综合危险高值区主要分布东部、西南部沿海的文昌、陵水等6市县;中值区分布在沿海、内陆的万宁、保亭等6市县;低值区则分布在中部内陆至西北部的五指山、临高等6市县.海南岛台风灾害随时间变化具有较复杂的演变规律,随着社会经济的发展,防治台风灾害的任务将更艰巨.     

汕头市企望湾砂质海岸冲淤特征及原因分析

在汕头市企望湾布设8条沙滩地形监测断面,根据2014年3月至2015年8月的3次现场测量数据,分析了研究区域内砂质海岸的冲淤变化特征及其成因.分析发现研究区域内沙滩存在一定的季节性冲淤变化,沉积物分布受台风影响显著,纵向沿岸输沙仍是沙滩物质运动的主要方式.     

地形起伏变化下的边界层参数化台风风场模型

对于登陆台风来说,采用平坦下垫面和单一的地表粗糙长度假设并不能与实际情况相吻合.为了更准确地模拟台风近地面风场,基于现有参数化台风风场模型,采用随地形变化的坐标系建模方法和高精度地形与土地覆盖资料,考虑了台风登陆过程中地形起伏和土地覆盖变化的影响.针对历史上影响广东省的3个台风案例,利用大量观测数据对比和验证了改进后的台风风场模型.对比结果表明:改进后的参数化台风风场模型对风速的模拟并没有表现出明显的系统偏差,并且能较好地模拟出台风登陆过程中风速风向的时程变化.     

地形抬升型微地形下台风风场计算模拟

福建省内多山地丘陵地貌,当台风经过山岭型微地形时,由于风速叠加效应和风压改变,在微地形附近空间的风速、风向、湍流强度和风压都会产生变化。每年台风登陆都对电网造成巨大的破坏,比如倒塔、断线。本文以流体力学理论为基础,采用计算流体力学方法,通过对实际地形的建模仿真,研究地形抬升型为微地形对风速的加速作用。计算结果表明地形抬升型微地形对风速有明显的加速作用,并且超过了国家标准规定,目前输电线抗风设计的执行标准存在偏低的问题。研究结果对输电线路的抗风设计具有一定的工程参考价值。     

越赤道气流对台风,热带低压天气系统的影响

对夏季影响西太平洋，南海地区台风或热带低压天气系统的越赤道气流进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明，在背景场有利的情况下，台风，热带低压的生成与越赤道气流的流量指数以及水汽输送有关。     

9417号台风对温州造成灾害的因子分析及预防对策

１９９４年８月２１日，９４１７号强台风在温州梅头登陆，造成极其严重的灾害。本文通过现场调查，对风暴增水，洪水，风，波浪等台风的主要因素进行过滤分析，并就其预防对策进行了探讨。     

Poisson-Gumbel Mixed Compound Distribution and its application

With the development of offshore engineering, the joint probability study for extreme sea environments has been a subject of increasing interest for both mathematicians and engineers. However, the conventional multivariate probability distribution models do not describe the distribution of the occurrences of extreme sea states induced by typhoon, hurricane or winter storm, and thus fail to reflect the probability characteristics of sea environments in all the aspects. Extreme sea environments are typically to be found in storms like typhoon, and the occurrences of such storms in certain sea areas, varying from year to year, may be fitted to a discrete distribution. By compounding the discrete distribution with a bivariate continuous distribution of two extreme sea environments, a new kind of distribution--Bivariate Compound Extreme Value Distribution (BCEVD) is obtained in this note. This study proposes Poisson-Gum- bel Mixed Compound Distribution, one of the particular forms of BCEVD, and gives an example of its application by using it to compute the joint distribution of wind velocities and wave heights and to estimate the 100-year return level, based on the 20-year wind and wave data in the East China Sea. The results show the advantage of PGMCD model in its stable results and simple use.     

用GIS技术建立台风跟踪预警系统

以厦门市危房改造办公室台风跟踪预警系统的研制为例 ,详细地介绍应用地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立台风监测系统的过程 .该系统能对台风的形成地点、移动路径、登陆时间和登陆地点进行可视化的跟踪和记录 ,达到台风预警的目的 .     

台风螺旋结构的分析

通过研究不同发展阶段的台风水平涡管的分布,发现台风里螺旋云带的结构并非都呈现旋转上升的形状.在水平涡矢与垂直速度水平分布满足右手螺旋法则的情况下,当上下切向风差别很大时,水平涡矢与台风的径向风方向相平行,螺旋云带的结构与径向风方向相平行;当台风辐合增强时,水平涡矢与台风的切向风方向相平行,因此螺旋云带的结构也与切向风方向相平行.另一方面,除海表面以外,台风里低层的风速一般大于高层,所以水平涡矢的方向一般背向台风中心.由于台风存在强烈的上升运动,因此方向背向台风中心的水平涡管在垂直速度的抬升下,逐渐转变为气旋性的垂直涡管,使台风的涡度增强,这样能量逐渐由低层传递到高层.     

Study on wavy distribution of rainfall associated with typhoon Matsa （2005）

An analysis is made to investigate the structure features of the extensive heavy rainfall left by typhoon Matsa, after its landfall in mainland China in August 2005, based on a range of observational results, including surface intensive observation data, TBB data from China's FY-2 satellite, and NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data. The study tries to explore the interaction between atmospheric waves, 3-D atmospheric structures, and typhoon rainbands. Observational facts, diagnostic analysis, and atmospheric wave theory are used to look into the formation mechanism of distant typhoon rainbands. Results show that (1) Matsa rainbands have the features of noticeable wave train distribution and long distance propaga-tion; (2) the typhoon rainbands extend as far as 2000 km northwardly from the typhoon center, with a wavelength of 500―1000 km and a wave period of 12―24 h; (3) the wave structure of Matsa rainbands is closely associated with the corresponding wave variation of the ambient 3-D atmospheric structures, including disturbance vorticity, divergence field, vertical motion field, water vapor flux divergence field, etc. (4) both observational facts and theoretical analysis show that the northward extending typhoon rainbands are associated with the mixed effects of atmospheric inertia wave and internal gravity wave; (5) only under proper atmospheric stratification and vertical wavenumber of gravity wave, can a ty-phoon stimulate such a wave being able to reach such a distance, and result in extending wavy rain-bands.