Prediction of sites under adaptive evolution in flavin-containing monooxygenases: Selection pattern revisited

Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), like cytochrome P450 (CYP), is a monooxygenase that uses the reducing equivalents of NADPH to reduce one atom of molecular oxygen to water, while the other atom is used to oxidize the substrate. Recently, it was shown that some CYP isoforms have been subject to positive selection. However, it is unknown whether the highly conserved phase I detoxification enzyme, FMO, has undergone similar positive Darwinian selection. We used maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution, evolutionary fingerprinting, and cross species comparison to investigate the occurrence of adaptive evolution in FMO sequences. We used recent genomic data from a range of species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. We present the evidence for the occurrence of adaptive evolution in mammalian FMO 3, 4, 5, and fugu FMOs but not in mammalian FMO 1, FMO 2, frog FMOs, other fish FMOs and invertebrate FMOs. The sites under adaptive evolution were significantly associated with the insertion domain in mammalian FMO 5. We identified specific amino acid sites in FMOs 3–5 that are likely targets for selection based on the patterns of parallel amino acid change. The most likely role of adaptive evolution is the repair of mutations that permitted optimal NADP+ binding and improved catalytic efficiency. The occurrence of positive selection during the evolution of phase I detoxification enzymes such as FMOs 3–5 and fugu FMO suggests the occurrence of both high selection pressure acting on species within their unique habitats and significant changes in intensity and direction (forms of xenobiotics and drugs) resulting from changes in microhabitat and food.     

Vegetation effects on mean daily maximum and minimum surface air temperatures over China

Changes in the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) surface air temperatures and the associated temperature extremes have severe consequences on human society and the natural environment. In this study, we assess vegetation effects on mean Tmax and Tmin over China by computing a vegetation feedback parameter using the satellite-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and observed temperatures for the period 1982–2002. In all seasons, vegetation exerts a much stronger forcing on Tmax than on Tmin, and thus has a substantial effect on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) over China. Significant positive feedbacks on Tmax and the DTR occupy many areas of China with the feedback parameters exceeding 1°C (0.1 NDVI)–1, while significant negative effects only appear over the summertime climatic and ecological transition zone of northern China and some other isolated areas. Also, the vegetation feedbacks are found to vary with season. In areas where significant feedbacks occur, vegetation contributes to typically 10%–30% of the total variances in Tmax, Tmin, and the DTR. These findings suggest that vegetation memory offers the potential for improving monthly-to-seasonal forecasting of Tmax and Tmin, and the associated temperature extremes over China. Meanwhile, the limitations and uncertainties of the study should be recognized.     

滑坡涌浪的数值计算及试验研究

本文从非恒定流方程出发,导出了滑坡涌浪的基本方程,建立了求解滑坡涌浪的数值模型,并通过物理模型的试验研究,论证了数值模型的合理性.试验结果表明,初始断面最大涌浪高主要与滑坡体在单位时间内入水的体积成正比,涌浪高随涌浪传播距离的增加而迅速哀减,河道糙率对其的影响并不突出,涌浪遇壁爬高及反射主要与壁面坡角及水深有关.本文建立的数学模型可用来对可能的滑坡涌浪进行一维和二维近似计算,模型试验结果可用来估算滑坡涌浪.     

高速公路车辆群模型与控制

本文提出了一个新的高速公路车辆群动态离散非线性模型,应用极大值原理推导了控制方案,并且针对我国大陆上第一条最长的高速公路——沈大公路进行了系统仿真,其结果对高速公路的管理提供了参考方案。     

刚性线型夹杂顶端的非局部应力场及破环准则

本文通过引入小范围非局部假设,将求解刚性线型夹杂顶端渐近应力变形场的问题化成了一个位移边值问题,从而直接利用经典的位移场得到了非局部的位移场.通过非局部本构关系获得了刚性线型夹杂顶端的有界的渐近应力场.利用最大剪应力准则给出了夹杂面上材料发生脱离的临界条件.结果表明材料的破坏仍由经典的应力强度因子及 J 积分控制.     

对数Boughton分布及参数估计

推导出对数Ｂｏｕｇｈｔｏｎ分布的概率分布函数和概率密度函数，提出了参数估计的方法，并对分布特性进行讨论。文中给出实例说明该分布在设计洪水中的应用。     

试用Wierstrass定理证明闭区间连续函数的性质

应用Ｗｅｉｅｒｓｔｒａｓｓ定理证明闭区间上连续函数的四个性质。     

灰度图象的二维最大熵阀值分割研究

讨论了灰度图象的二维最大熵阀值分割算法．根据图象象素的灰度、均值二维直方图分布的特点，给出了一个新的分割阀值判决函数．理论分析和实验结果表明：该阀值判决函数比仅使用一个二维矢量阀值具有更强的抗噪声能力，分割性能更好．     

上海近数十年城市发展对气候的影响

本文通过对上海市气象台(位于市区龙华)近数十年气侯资料前后时期的历史分析,并与同时期郊县气候记录对比,滤去区域气候因素的影响,结合上海城市发展的特征,发现由于城市人口密度、建筑物密度和能源消耗量等的快速增长,导致上海城市气侯发生一定程度的变化。其最突出的表现是:城市热岛效应效著,城乡气温差别逐渐增大;域区风速和湿度渐次减小;雾日数和晴天日数减少,低云量和阴天日数增多;太阳直接辐射和总辐射减少,散射辐射和混浊因子加大。观测实践证明:上海“城市发展”这个人为因素对当地气候确实具有明显的影响。