Two-phase flow patterns for flow condensation in small-diameter tubes

Two-phase flow patterns have been observed visually to investigate the effects of tube diameter, mass flux and tube inclination on flow condensation in small-diameter tubes. For horizontal or inclined small-diameter tubes, gravity-domination is decreased by shear stress and surface tension on phase change interface, which weakens the stratification of condensate and vapor flow due to the action of gravity perpendicular to flow direction. As decreasing the tube diameter from 5. 79 mm to 2.18 mm. the annular or sub-annular flows become prevailing in flow regime map. The existing flow regime maps for macro scale cannot predict the experimental data in the present study.     

A Study on 3D FE Simulation Method of NC Bending Process of Thin-walled Tube

The numerical control (NC) precision bending process of thin-walled tube is on e of advanced plastic forming processes with high efficiency, forming precision, strength/weight ratio and low cost, thus it is playing more and more important role in manufacturing parts in aerospace and automobile industries. However, the determination of parameters crucial to make sure tube parts qualified is heavil y experience-based and involves repeated trial-and-errors in practice, which makes the production efficiency...     

整流后倒U型管内气液两相流动的稳定性及流型分布

在倒U型管垂直段的两端内分别放置一个整流环，来消除入口弯头对垂直段流动的影响，通过对单相流体在倒U型管内的流动进行数值计算，以及对整流作用下倒U型管内气液流动的稳定性和流型的分布进行实验研究，发现整流环的整流作用可以增强管道内流动的稳定性，实验还发现，倒U型管垂直上升段内的间歇性流动（弹状流和块状流）区域减小，环状流区域增大，流动的稳定性增强。     

火电站哈蒙系统空冷器的热力计算

本文提出空冷电站哈蒙系统的空冷器和自然通风冷却塔的热力计算方法。以600 MW机组为例的计算结果与实际数值极为吻合。     

A_3钢输煤气管道腐蚀穿孔机理的探讨

该文通过对穿越电气列车路轨地基下的A_3钢输煤气管的轨对地电位差、管道上方的电势的测量,对管道的腐蚀区、已腐蚀和未腐蚀界面处的金相分析及煤气组成的分析,提出了A_3钢输煤气管腐蚀穿孔的机理是由于煤气中的杂质使该处介质环境中H~+离子、S~(2-)离子浓,度增大也因煤气中的CO_2在混合电解质溶液中的协同作用,引起了孔(点)蚀,这种电化学局部腐蚀的持续进行,向纵深发展,导致A_3钢输煤气管的腐蚀穿孔。     

黄瓜外源 DNA 导入技术方法研究

依据黄瓜的花器结构及开花习性,研究了通过花粉管通径将外源DNA 导入黄瓜子房的方式以及DNA 溶液的浓度、用量、pH 值和黄瓜花粉粒的渗透压等因紊对导入效果的影响.采用花粉与DNA 溶液混合授粉和子房微量注射均可成功的获得10~(-2)～10~(-3)的高遗传转化率.证明了应用外源DNA 导入进行黄瓜分子育种的可行性.     

利用摄象管测试动态光谱的研究

常规的分光光度计的扫描速度通常是在几分钟内才扫完一个光谱覆盖区,因此对动态光谱的测试就不能胜任。为测试动态光谱现象,出现了OMA光谱测试系统,但该系统价格昂贵,无法用于一般要求的动态光谱现象测试场合。为了能达到在光学薄膜淀积过程中测试其透光率特性,我们研究出一种利用摄象管测试动态光谱的方法。摄象管是一种成熟的光电转换器件,价格低廉,只要掌握其特性,合理地设计测试方案,利用摄象管测试动态光谱现象是一种价廉又实用的方案。     

Ventral neural tube cells differentiate into hepatocytes in the chick embryo

A population of ventral neural tube cells has recently been shown to migrate out of the hind brain neural tube via the vagus nerve and contribute to the developing gastrointestinal tract. Since liver is also innervated by the vagus nerve, we sought to determine if these cells also migrate into the liver. Ventral neural tube cells in the caudal hindbrain of chick embryos were tagged with a replication-deficient retroviral vector containing the LacZ gene on embryonic day 2. Embryos were processed for detection of labeled cells on embryonic day 5 and 11. Labeled cells were seen in the liver on both days and identified as hepatocytes. Previously, it was believed that all hepatocytes develop from the gut endoderm. Results of the present study show an additional source for the formation of liver cells. Received 25 August 1998; received after revision 5 November 1998; accepted 5 November 1998     

高层框架—核心筒体减震结构模型试验

通过单层，三层结构模型的动力试验结果，表明在框架－核心筒体结构体系内安装减震器后，减震效果显著，试验与计算结果吻合较好，说明了计算理论的正确性。     

AC2 and AC4 proteins of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tobacco curly shoot virus</Emphasis> mediate suppression of RNA silencing

Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus Y10 isolate (TYLCCNV-Y10) alone could systemically infect host plants such as Nicotiana benthamiana without symptoms. In contrast, Tobacco curly shoot virus Y35 isolate (TbCSV-Y35) alone induces leaf curl symptoms in N. benthamiana. When inoculated into transgenic N. benthamiana plants expressing GFP gene (line 16c), TYLCCNV-Y10 neither reverses the established GFP silencing nor blocks the onset of GFP silencing. In contrast, TbCSV-Y35 can partially reverse the established GFP silencing and block the onset of GFP silencing in new leaves. In the patch co-infiltration assays, the AC2 and AC4 proteins of TYLCCNV-Y10 and TbCSV-Y35 could suppress local GFP silencing and delay systemic GFP silencing, suggesting that they are suppressors of RNA silencing. Comparison of the accumulation levels of GFP mRNA in the co-infiltration patches showed that Y10 AC2 and Y35 AC2 proteins had similar efficiency for suppression of RNA silencing. However, Y35 AC4 protein functioned as a stronger suppressor of RNA silencing than Y10 AC4 protein. There-fore, the pathogenicity difference between TbCSV-Y35 and TYLCCNV-Y10 may be related to the functional difference in their AC4 proteins.