Microhabitat selection in the sand recluse spider (Sicarius thomisoides): the effect of rock size and temperature

In spiders, temperature is considered an important environmental variable for microhabitat selection. In this study, we evaluated the effect of temperature and rock size on the presence of the sand recluse spider Sicarius thomisoides and the degree of selectivity in different locations. This species is a large spider that lives under rocks in desert and semi-desert climates and is particularly active during the summer. In Chile, these spiders can be found at both coastal and inland locations under different thermal conditions, where usually the temperatures are lower near the coast. If large-scale climatic conditions are important for this species, they may be expected to select lower rock temperatures on the coast than at inland locations. In addition, we would expect that the spiders would choose larger rocks in inland compared to coast locations, which reduce the effect of high temperatures. We found that the probability of finding individuals of this species increased according to rock temperature and rock size in the field. Our results suggest that S. thomisoides prefers larger and warmer rocks to shelter under during the day, this selectivity being similar at both coastal and inland locations. Thus, this species tends to select rocks with the same thermal and structural conditions, independent of the climatic conditions.     

Mortality effects of temperature changes in the United Kingdom

Temperature changes are known to affect the social and environmental determinants of health in various ways. Consequently, excess deaths as a result of extreme weather conditions may increase over the coming decades because of climate change. In this paper, the relationship between trends in mortality and trends in temperature change (as a proxy) is investigated using annual data and for specified (warm and cold) periods during the year in the UK. A thoughtful statistical analysis is implemented and a new stochastic, central mortality rate model is proposed. The new model encompasses the good features of the Lee and Carter (Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1992, 87: 659–671) model and its recent extensions, and for the very first time includes an exogenous factor which is a temperature‐related factor. The new model is shown to provide a significantly better‐fitting performance and more interpretable forecasts. An illustrative example of pricing a life insurance product is provided and discussed.     

稀土Ho3＋/Yb3＋共掺SrBi4Ti4O15高温铁电陶瓷的上转换发光及其温度传感特性

Sr Bi4Ti4O15是一种具有高居里温度（Tc）、高机械品质因数和大电阻率的铋层状结构铁电、压电多功能材料,通过掺入稀土离子的手段,可使其具有上转换发光的特性,并且可以在一定程度上改善其电学性能.在本文中,同时将Ho3＋和Yb3＋对A位的Bi进行取代,其中Ho3＋的取代量为0.06 mol-1,Yb3＋的取代范围为0≤x≤0.3,采用传统的固相烧结法制备了Sr Bi3.94-xHo0.06YbxTi4O15陶瓷.主要通过控制Ho3＋离子的量不变,调节Yb3＋离子的浓度来研究不同稀土离子掺杂量对Sr Bi4Ti4O15陶瓷的形貌、上转换发光特性、以及介电性能的影响.在使用980 nm的红外激光器对Sr Bi3.94-xHo0.06YbxTi4O15陶瓷进行激发下,从上转换发光图谱中可以观察到三个峰,分别为峰位在547 nm附近较强的绿色发光、659附近以及759 nm处的较弱的红色发光.同时可以看到,随着Yb3＋浓度的增加,绿色上转换发光的强度表现出先增强,后减弱的规律,且当Yb3＋取代量为x=0.15时,绿色上转换发光强度达到最大值.通过研究上转换发光强度与激发光功率的关系得到,绿色和红色上转换发光均为双光子吸收过程.在研究Sr Bi3.79Ho0.06Yb0.15Ti4O15样品上转换发光与温度的关系时,可以观测到随着温度的增加,547 nm处的绿色上转换发光和659 nm处的红色上转换发光的强度均随之减弱,且I659 nm与I547 nm的荧光强度比与温度存在线性关系,利用这种温度与上转换发光强度的关系,可将Sr Bi3.94-xHo0.06YbxTi4O15陶瓷应用于光学温度传感器.     

New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea,Tunicata) from Australia (part I)

Continuing examination of colonial ascidians in museum collections is revealing further diversity in the family Didemnidae, which abounds in the tropical Indo-West Pacific and around the Australian continent (Kott, 2001). From the present work, it is apparent that much remains to be learnt about this fauna. Of the 45 species discussed in this paper, 16 are new. Larvae are described for the first time for Polysyncraton pedunculatum Kott, 2001 and P. rica Kott, 2001. Amongst the synonymy established in this paper Didemnoides tropicum Sluiter, 1909 is found to be a junior synonym of Lissoclinum patella (Gottschaldt, 1898) and Trididemnum vermiforme Kott, 2001 a junior synonym of T. nobile Kott, 2001. Didemnum nekozita Tokioka, 1967 is found to be a valid species distinct from Polysyncraton cuculliferum (Sluiter, 1909). Prolific replication rates, rapid colony growth, flexibility in growth form and a viviparous habit result in convergence tending to small zooid size, and similar large, increasingly complex colonies found in this family contribute to species diversity around the whole of the Australian continent.     

高层建筑底板混凝土温度场分析

基于ANSYS软件开发了适合大体积混凝土温度场分析的相应模块,并运用到实际工程中,取得较好的预期效果。     

温度对煤吸附瓦斯特性影响的实验研究

为了研究温度对煤吸附瓦斯特性的影响对于深部高温瓦斯矿井进行通风设计及煤层气资源评价的指导意义,利用瓦斯吸附装置,对不同煤样进行不同温度下吸附等温线及吸附常数的测定。实验表明：吸附常数b与温度T较好的符合负指数关系;而随着温度的升高,吸附常数a值变化不大,可以认为是某一恒定值。     

电信空调冷却塔供冷系统节能应用

根据电信机楼的空调负荷特点,在冬季和部分过渡季节,选择使用冷却塔加板式换热器的间接式免费供冷空调系统为电信机楼提供冷量。介绍了冬季机房空调送风温度和冷却塔供冷温度的确定,分析了冷却塔供冷温度对冷却塔运行消耗的影响。通过预测计算确定冷却塔免费制冷的的运行时间及节能效果。并引入了冷负荷供需指数的概念,经过现场测试计算得出江苏电信第二枢纽工程中影响该指数的三个因素,最后总结了江苏电信免费制冷技术的节能情况和应用潜力。     

基于Fluent的海底输油管道停输温降数值模拟

随着海上油田的大量开发,对海底输油管道停输过程传热问题的研究迫在眉睫。加热输送的原油管道在运行过程中,不可避免地会遭遇油田停电和管线维修等意外,造成停输。这时油管内原油的黏度随油温下降而升高。当油温降到一定值后,会给管道的再启动带来极大的困难,甚至造成凝管事故。为避免凝管事故发生,需要准确预测海底管道管内原油的温降情况及安全停输时间,分析影响停输时间的因素。利用Fluent软件对海底输油管道停输温降进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,保温层厚度和海水温度对停输时间影响非常明显。模拟结果可指导生产实践。     

轿车大客车会车时的气动特性

应用计算流体力学数值模拟方法,采用滑动交界面和动网格技术,对开阔路面下轿车大客车会车过程的瞬态流动进行气动特性研究.车辆模型采用MIRA典型阶背式轿车全尺寸模型和进行过风洞试验的国产JT6120型大客车简化模型.通过对会车过程流场的分析和对模拟结果的统计处理,获知了轿车大客车会车前后气动力系数变化趋势以及产生该变化的原因,得到了轿车大客车会车过程中定量的气动力变化规律.结果表明:轿车大客车会车过程气动力系数有很大变化,其中轿车的更大一些;两车气动力系数随时间的变化趋势有差异;会车状态的空气动力学作用对汽车操纵稳定性有重要影响.     

双极晶体管中子辐照后的高温退火特性

利用硅双极晶体管在线监测中子注量,其直流增益和损伤常数是作为探测器指标的重要参数。高温退火可使受到中子辐照的双极晶体管性能部分恢复,进而可以重复使用。开展高温退火特性研究,分析双极晶体管直流增益的恢复程度以及损伤常数的重复性。在快中子脉冲堆上对贴片型3DG121C双极晶体管进行三轮中子辐照,每轮辐照累计注量2.64×10~(13)cm~(-2)。经过第一轮中子辐照后,双极晶体管直流增益下降至辐照前的40%,经过180℃连续24 h的高温退火后,直流增益恢复至辐照前的67%;经过第二轮辐照后,直流增益下降至第二轮辐照前的50%,在相同条件下退火后,直流增益恢复至第二轮辐照前的73%;经过第三轮辐照后,直流增益下降至第三轮辐照前的58%,在相同条件下退火后,其直流增益恢复至第三轮辐照前的87%。三轮实验结果表明:双极晶体管直流增益倒数随辐照中子注量变化的线性关系基本一致,具体表现为其损伤常数具有很好的重复性。利用该高温退火特性,将双极晶体管作为中子注量探测器应用于快中子脉冲堆中子注量在线监测,监测结果与活化箔结果基本吻合。