‘Revolutions,philosophical as well as civil’: French chemistry and American science in Samuel Latham Mitchill’s Medical Repository

ABSTRACT

From 1797 to 1801 a controversy played out on the pages of the Medical Repository, the first scientific journal published in the United States. At its centre was the well-known feud between the followers of Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley, the lone supporter of the phlogiston model. The American debate, however, had more than two sides. The Americans chemists, Samuel Latham Mitchill and Benjamin Woodhouse, who rushed to support Priestley did not defend his scientific views. Rather, as citizens of a republic, they defended his right to have them. They also castigated the assertions of the “French chemists,” whose claims that the new chemistry obviated debate seemed unsettlingly similar to the dictatorial ambitions of the French state. Using the Medical Repository, Mitchill and Woodhouse sought a compromise that validated the new chemistry, but united it with a more egalitarian form of discourse. The desired balance eluded them. Priestley proved too stubborn, and as the French Revolution descended into dictatorship and war, Mitchill and Woodhouse came more to realize that truly prising French chemistry from the culture of the revolutionary era. The episode left Mitchill and Woodhouse disillusioned with chemistry and hoping to redirect scientific enthusiasm to more pious ends.     

高海拔隧道施工氧含量变化及供氧方法

论文针对高海拔隧道低压缺氧威胁施工安全的问题,基于氧气质量守恒和等效气管氧分压两种方法分析了高海拔隧道施工供氧标准,并在海拔4232m的雀儿山隧道开展洞口与掌子面温度、气压和氧含量长期监测。结果表明：实测洞口氧气密度比理论分析低4.93%,而实测气管氧分压比理论分析低0.6%,等效气管氧分压方法更适用于高海拔缺氧程度预测。洞口与掌子面温度和大气压力呈夏季高、冬季低的季节性波动,隧道掘进1500m以后,在保证良好通风条件下,掌子面比洞口气管气氧分压平均低0.46kPa,随着推进距离继续增大,气管氧分压降低不明显。现场测试发现弥散式供氧方法能够有效增加施工区域的氧气含量,但供氧需求量大,施工建议采取弥散式供氧、个人携氧与移动式吸氧车供氧相结合的方式,保障隧道施工人员的氧气需求。     

浅析立体构成在室内设计中的运用

立体构成是研究三度空间的三维形态,在遵循形式美原理的基础上创造出一定美感的、全新的三维形态的过程,而室内空间中大多数造型又表现为多种形式、形体的组合,这些形体正是由立体构成中的点、线、面、体的元素来共同创造的,在室内设计的过程中结合立体构成中的形式美法则,可创作出具有一定创新性的室内空间环境。     

三束储存与电子同步运动的动力学稳定性

近年来,多束存储的动力学稳定性问题一直是人们关注的一个重要问题.本文考虑了频率扰动和运动阻尼的影响,引入高阶相移因子把粒子同步运动方程化为广义Duffing方程.用摄动法导出了系统的近似解,并分析了系统在?/??1/2,1/3共振线附近的运动行为.揭示了系统跳跃现象和临界特征,讨论了系统的数学稳定性和物理稳定性.结果表明,系统稳定性与它的参数有关,只需适当调节这些参数就可以保证系统是稳定的.     

三参数Weibull分布的随机比较

给出了两个相互独立但不同分布的三参数Weibull分布随机变量满足各种随机序时其分布所含参数间的相应关系.也给出了两组相互独立但不同分布的随机变量次序统计量之间的随机序关系.     

基于时限三分法的期刊排架研究——以济宁学院图书馆为例

"时限三分法"是根据期刊的特点和读者的利用规律组织期刊的一种方法。该方法把全部馆藏期刊按时限分为现刊、过刊散本和过刊合订本3个部分,具有较好的灵活性,有利于期刊利用率的提高。以济宁学院图书馆为例,详细介绍了基于"时限三分法"的期刊排架法。     

舰艇雷达望远镜瞄准线和火炮膛线平行度调校

为了更好地提高舰艇雷达望远镜瞄准线和火炮膛线的平行度,本文提出了一种采用专利激光自动安平水准仪,校炮镜,方管前置镜,在舰艇上调校的方案。该专利产品安平精度为20″,基尺寸小,便于安装,调试灵活方便,能够解决由于舰艇上雷达,望远镜和火炮相距十几米远,该雷达,望远镜控制火炮困难的问题。从而实现雷达,望远镜瞄准轴线和火炮膛线的平行度。     

The pattern of the mechanosensory lateral line on the caudal fin of the two deep‐water gobiid fishes Deltentosteus collonianus and Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus (Teleostei: Gobiidae)

The most common pattern of the lateral line system on the caudal fin of Gobiidae is characterized by three longitudinal rows of free neuromasts. Deltentosteus collonianus and Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus are two benthic Atlantic–Mediterranean gobiid fishes with additional rows on the caudal fin. In these species the caudal fin is more densely covered by the lateral line system compared to the usual status in Gobiidae. An increase of longitudinal neuromast rows occurs rarely in gobiid fishes and is only known in a few species of Gobiidae with a pelagic lifestyle. Both Deltentosteus species show numbers of neuromast rows on the caudal fin between the plesiomorphic three and the advanced eight rows of pelagic gobies. This intermediate position allows discussion of the existence and the characteristics of an underlying pattern in the increase of the number of longitudinal neuromast rows and adaptation to habitat conditions in Gobiidae.     

抗、感病杨树与溃疡病菌互作中活性氧及相关酶的动态

测定了接种溃疡病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)后两种抗性水平不同的杨树(Populus spp.)树皮中超氧阴离子(O2.-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的动态变化,分析了杨树与溃疡病菌互作中活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)的产生、抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化水平的变化规律及与杨树抗病性的关系。结果表明,随接种时间的延长,两种杨树O2.-产生速率和H2O2含量均有上升趋势,抗病杨树毛白杨(P. tomentosa Carr.)出现了较明显的"氧化爆发",感病杨树北京杨(P. beijingensis Hsu)则不明显;POD活性持续上升,毛白杨的上升幅度大于北京杨的;SOD、CAT活性先上升后下降,北京杨两种酶活性在后期受到的抑制更明显;APX活性则在两种杨树中变化较大,毛白杨的变幅明显比北京杨的大;MDA含量增加,表明"氧化爆发"启动了膜脂过氧化,北京杨在接种后期MDA含量大幅上升,并且MDA含量与O2.-产生速率呈显著正相关。     

Isotopic compositions of small shelly fossil Anabarites from Lower Cambrian in Yangtze Platform of South China: Implications for palaeocean temperature

Anabarites belong to small shelly fossils (SSF), which occur widely in the Lower Cambrian strata of Yangtze Platform in South China. They are phosphate shell in composition and represent the earliest stage of the Cambrian bioradiation of Bilateria, the so-called “Cambrian Explosion”. In this study, we attempted to separate Anabarites fossils from Lower Cambrian dolostones, and we obtained samples of both the fossils (SSF) and the granular phosphates (GP). Isotopic analyses were performed on samples of SSF, GP, and matrix dolostone (DH-23). The results showed that the δ³⁰Si values of the quartz filling in fossils celoms, and the siliceous materials in granular phosphates are -0.6‰ and -0.7‰, which is different from normal sedimentary siliceous rocks from the Lower Cambrian strata (0—0.7‰) as reported by Li et al., but is consistent with the data for siliceous rocks and cherts of submarine hydrothermal origin. It is likely that a later hydrothermal replacement could have taken place in the SSF-bearing sedimentary rocks. The oxygen isotope values of the phosphate of SSF and GP are 16.8‰ and 17.0‰, respectively. These are significantly higher than the Neoproterozoic phosphate ores (10.9‰—13.9‰) as reported by Ling et al.， hence, late diagenesis and hydrothermal replacement may not have caused a significant change in the oxygen isotope compositions of the small shelly fossils, and the calculated temperatures (25.4—26.3℃) for palaeo-seawater using a SSF phosphate oxygen isotope thermometer are therefore considered here as the upper limit of seawater temperature in the Early Cambrian ocean of the Yangtze Platform.