热敏电阻与光敏电阻

阐述了光敏电阻和热敏电阻的特性、种类及其各自的优缺点,并根据其特点介绍了它们在人们生活、生产中的应用情况。     

浅谈提高锅炉热效率的方法

分析了BG—35/3.82—M5型锅炉热效率偏低的原因,探讨了提高锅炉热效率的方法,以保证锅炉能安全经济运行。     

几种铈盐的热分解过程及非等温热分解动力学研究

利用TG—DTG—DTA热分析技术研究了二水合碳酸亚铈、九水合草酸亚铈、六水合硝酸亚铈三种铈盐的热分解过程．发现二水合碳酸亚铈在75-180℃下脱去2mol水生成无水碳酸亚铈，后者在220—300℃下分解脱去CO2生成CeO2；九水合草酸亚铈在100-180℃下脱去9mol水生成无水草酸亚铈，后者在290—380℃下分解并同时脱去CO和CO2生成CeO2；而六水合硝酸亚铈在60—80℃下首先脱去3．5mol水生成含2．5个结晶水的硝酸亚铈，后者在190-250℃下脱去2．5mol结晶水生成无水硝酸亚铈，在258—310℃下硝酸亚铈热分解脱去NO2和O2并生成CeO2．采用外推法研究了九水合草酸亚铈两步热分解过程的动力学，由不同升温速率下的热分析曲线及外推β→0获得了相应的固相热分解反应所遵循的分解机理及动力学参数．发现九水合草酸亚铈脱水过程遵循球形对称的三维扩散机理，即Jander方程G（α）=G（α）=[1-（1-α）^1/3]^2，动力学参数E=180．9kJ／mol、lnA=63．5s^-1；而脱CO和CO2过程遵循成核和生长机理，即Avrami-Erofeev方程G（α）=[-ln（1-α）]^1/1.5，动力学参数E=115．4kJ／mol，lnA=22．0s^-1．     

光电催化协同降解曙红研究

比较了光催化法、电解氧化法和光电催化法对模型污染物———曙红的降解效果,对光电催化法降解曙红进行了重点研究,考查了pH、电流密度和曙红浓度对降解效果的影响,并对在不同pH下光电催化降解曙红的动力学进行了研究.研究结果表明:光电催化法对曙红的降解率高于电解氧化法和光催化法,电解和光催化之间存在着协同效应;光电催化法对曙红的降解率随pH的升高而下降;在较低的电流密度范围内(低于10.0 mA/cm2)增大电流密度可明显增强曙红降解效果,而过大的电流密度则没有明显的促进作用;曙红降解率随曙红初始浓度的增加而降低,而降解浓度则随曙红初始浓度的增加而增加.在反应的初始阶段曙红的降解符合一级动力学方程,溶液在pH为4.0、7.0、11.0时,速率常数分别为k=8.335×10-2m in-1、1.69×10-2m in-1、1.0×10-2m in-1.     

小子样条件下幂律退化模型的加速因子分析

结合长寿命、高可靠性产品加速寿命试验的特点,在失效机理不变的条件下,提出了幂律退化模型加速因子的概念。推导了加速寿命试验条件下幂律退化模型参数的极大似然估计。并利用Bayes方法,结合额定应力环境下的小子样数据和加速因子的先验分布,推导出加速因子后验分布。在此基础上,给出了小子样条件下可靠性的一、二阶矩的估计公式,进而运用矩等效方法得到可靠性的验后分布,结合实例说明了方法的有效性。     

Thermal conductivity measurement of InGaAs/InGaAsP superlattice thin films

The thermal conductivities of InGaAs/ InGaAsP superlattices with different period lengths were measured from 100 to 320 K using 3ω method. In this temperature range, the thermal conductivities were found to decrease with an increase in temperature. For the period length-dependant thermal conductivity, the minimum value does exist at a certain period length, which demonstrates that at a short period length, superlattice thermal conductivity increases with a decrease in the period length. When the period is longer than a certain period length, the interface thermal resistance dominates in phonon transport. The experimental and theoretical results confirmed the previous predictions from the lattice dynamics analysis, i.e. with the increase in period length, the dominant mechanisms of phonon transport in superlattices will shift from wave mode to particle mode. This is crucial for the cutoff of the phonons and lays a sound foundation for the design of superlattice structures.     

Coastal wetland in South China:Degradation trends,causes and protection countermeasures

There are abundant coastal wetlands in South China and their main characters are the tidal flats, mangroves and coral reefs. In this paper, the status quo of coastal wetlands in South China is introduced and their degradation trends in the last decades are analyzed based on the existing literatures and information. Their degradation trends are characterized by reduction of coastal wetlands’ area, pollution of seawater environment, degeneration of ecological environment, sharp decrease of biodiversity in the wetlands and so on. At the same time, the causes resulting in the above-mentioned degradations are discussed, mainly concluding imperfect systems of management and legislation, deficient property and assessment systems of the wetlands, weak consciousness of protecting coastal wetlands, shortage of basic study and backward management level and so on. Some countermeasures are put forward for the sake of a sustainable use of the coastal wetlands of South China, mainly including establishing and perfecting administrative and legal systems for the coastal wetlands, developing the study on assessment of coastal wetland, heightening the consciousness of public participation, and strengthening scientific research and establishment of wetland nature reserves.     

电弧等离子体发生器特性的研究

探讨了电弧等离子体发生器的静态伏安特性以及气体流动状态对等离子体发生器热效率、热焓的影响。通过合理调节切向和径向气体流速，能够提高等离子体发生器的热效率并能对等离子体实现精确控制。随着气体流速的增加，弧电压增加，热效率有一定的增加。另外，进气方式对等离子体发生器的特性也有影响，全为切向进气时，等离子体发生器的热效率很低；当径向气体流速达切向气体流速的2／3时，热效率为60％；当径向气体流速和切向气体流速相等时，热效率可达65％～75％。     

改进复分解法与一步法制备硬脂酸稀土PVC热稳定剂

介绍两种制备硬脂酸稀土的新方法———改进复分解法和一步法.探讨了反应温度、催化剂、反应时间、乙醇用量等因素对制备反应的影响.结果表明,改进法以20mL乙醇为溶剂,反应温度80℃,无催化剂下反应30min,产品得率为83%;一步法以5mL乙醇为消泡剂,反应温度140℃,催化剂用量2.5mL,反应60min,产品得率为76%.利用FT-IR和XRD技术对产品进行结构表征,并对产品质量和PVC的热稳定效果进行比较.     

建筑环境气流紊动特性研究综述

气流紊动特性是影响建筑热环境和人体舒适性的重要因素之一。该文从气流紊动特性对人体热舒适的影响和气流紊动特性的物理结构两个方面总结了建筑气流紊动特性的研究进展,其中重点介绍了清华大学在此方面的研究成果。综述表明,气流紊动特性对热舒适的研究目前主要还集中在湍流度和脉动频率两个参数上;自然风和机械风的气流紊动特性有着明显区别和联系,其机理有待于进一步研究。