基因进化的同义与非同义替代计算及统计检验的比较分析

基因氨基酸编码区的核苷酸具有不同替代速率.同义替代不引起氨基酸改变,它们基本是中性替代速率;非同义替代引起氨基酸变化,替代速率常常比同义替代速率低. 非同义(或同义)替代速率定义为单位时间(如1年)内或者一个世代内1个非同义(或同义)位点上发生替代的数目,用符号dN(或dS)来表示. 生物体内发生的非同义突变大多数属于有害突变,只有少数是中性突变或有利突变. 对有害的非同义突变来说,dN-dS＜1;而对于有利的非同义突变来说,dN-dS＞1. 仅仅通过比较dN和dS还不能确定是否就一定受到选择作用,还必须用统计学的方法来检验它们的真实性和可靠性. 计算dN和dS的方法有多种,常见的是4种:N-G模型、改进的N-G模型、Li-Wu-Luo模型和P-B-Li模型.4种方法从不同的角度计算编码区核苷酸的dN,dS值,它们各有特点,适合不同基因的计算.对dN,dS值进行统计检验的方法也有多种,常见的方法有5种:Z检验、Tajima‘s D 检验、Fu and Li检验、HKA检验和MK检验.这5种检验方法也各有特点,适合不同基因dN,dS值的检验.     

肝癌染色体高频缺失区肿瘤相关基因cSNP在HBV患者和正常人群中的多态分布研究

从定位于肝癌高频缺失区的肿瘤相关基因入手,查询单核苷酸多态性(SNP)数据库信息,获得编码区SNP(cSNP)序列,设计引物,根据SNP位点设计寡核苷酸探针,构建SNP芯片．分别从正常人和HBV患者血样中提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增标记含SNP位点的序列,将地高辛标记的PCR产物与SNP芯片杂交．结果表明,正常人基因组与HBV患者基因组肿瘤相关基因SNP之间存在差异,检测到EGFL3(rs947 345),Gas- pase9(rs2 308 950),E2F2(rs3 218 171)三个cSNP位点的基因频率在两组人群中差异显著．HBV患者中存在的高频多态位点可能与其肝癌易感性相关．     

环境因子对大石鸡种群遗传多样性的影响

分别以mtDNA的非编码基因D-loop和编码基因Cytb为分子标记,研究了大石鸡分布区内12个种群遗传多样性与环境因子之间的相关性.173个样本的D-loop部分序列(1127 bp)中共发现了34个多态位点,定义了44种单倍型;230个样本的Cytb部分序列(807 bp)中共发现了13个多态位点,定义了14种单倍型.基于D-loop和Cytb的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性与样本量之间均无显著相关性.所有的种群遗传多样性与环境因子相关性检验中,基于D-loop的核苷酸多样性与降水量的负相关、基于Cytb的单倍型多样性与纬度和相对湿度变异系数的负相关以及基于Cytb的核苷酸多样性与相对湿度变异系数的负相关达到了显著水平,说明纬度、降水和相对湿度变异系数是影响大石鸡遗传多样性的主导因子,低纬度、干旱以及气候稳定的环境下,大石鸡的遗传多样性更高.     

Genome organization and phylogenetic tree analysis of Garlic virus E, a new member of genus Allexivirus

The complete sequence of an Allexivirus isolated from garlic plants in Yuhang City, Zhejiang Province, China had been determined. The single-strand, positive RNA genome was 8451 nucleotides in length excluding poly(A) tail. The genome organization of this virus was similar to that of the other Allexiviruses but only with 62.8%-64.8% nucleotide acid identities. The amino acid sequences of proteins encoded by ORF1-6 shared 67.6%-78.5%, 55.4%-66.2%, 56.7%- 66.4%, 40.3%-55.6%, 66.3%-79.7% and 52.2%- 68.8% identities with those of the others respectively. The homology range between it and the other Allexiviruses was similar to that between the other distinct species in this genus. A more comprehensive comparison using all available CP amino acid sequences showed that it shared only 63.9%- 79.8% amino acids identical with the others. Therefore, it had been considered as a new member of the genus, named as garlic virus E (GarV-E). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed GarV-E as a distinct member and the correct names and classification of some members of genus Allexivirus were also discussed.