Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection

Summary Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have disporven some of the central tenets of both the handicap mechanism and the sexy son hypothesis. These results suggest that the good genes approach to sexual selection may generally lead to erroneous results.Runaway sexual selection seems possible under a wide variety of circumstances. Quantittive genetic models have revealed runaway processes for sexually selected attributes expressed in both sexes and for attributes of parental care. Furthermore, the runaway could occur simultaneously in a series of populations that straddle an environmental gradient. While the models support the feasibility of runaway processes, empirical studies are needed to evaluate whether runaways actually happen. Estimates of critical genetic parameters are particularly needed, as well as measures of natural and sexual selection acting on the same population.The models also show that sexual selection has tremendous potential to produce population differentiation, particularly in epigamic traits. Differentiation is promoted by indeterminancy of evolutionary outcome, transient differences among populations during the final slow approach to equilibrium, sampling drift among equilibrium populations, and the tendency of sexual selection to amplify geographic variation arising from spatial differences in natural selection. Recent work with two- and three-locus models of sexual selection has produced results that parallel the results of the polygenic models^36–38,58. Thus the feature of indeterminate equilibria (outcome dependent on initial conditions) is common to both types of model.     

Effects of a new cholecystokinin antagonist (GE 410) on the smooth muscle of the guinea pig ileum

Summary Suc-Tyr-(SE)-Met-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp--phenethylamide (GE 410) competitively antagonized the contractions of smooth muscle strips from guinea pig ileum (pA₂=7.6, n=0.95) induced by cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK8). GE 410 inhibited the electrically-induced cholinergically mediated contractile responses and the [³H]ACh release in the ileum, as well as the CCK-stimulated electrical contractile responses and the [³H]ACh release in the cholinergic nerve terminals. The results suggest the existence of CCK-receptors not only in the smooth muscles but also on the neurons.     

Antiviral activities of anthraquinones,bianthrones and hypericin derivatives from lichens

The antiviral activities of some naturally occurring anthraquinones bianthrones, and hypericin derivatives were compared by the end-point CPE (viral cytopathic effects) method and plaque assays. Under optimal conditions of exposure to light, hypericin, 7,7-dichlorohypericin and 5,7-dichloroemodin exhibited strong inhibitory activity against HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1) in both assays. Partial inactivation of the virus was shown by emodin, 7-chloroemodin and 7-chloro-1-O-methylemodin; the bianthrones and other anthraquinones were found to be inactive. Antiviral activity appeared to be, positively correlated with increasing substitution of chlorine in the anthraquinone structure. In the absence of light, only hypericin and 7,7-dichlorohypericin displayed detectable activity.     

杯芳烃-硝基氯苯包络物的电化学行为研究

研究了pH =5 .74的 0 .3mol·L-1KCl底液中杯芳烃与硝基氯苯包络物在汞电极上的极谱行为 ,测定了他们的包络比 ,用电流法测定了它们的包络常数 ,研究了温度对它们的影响 ,结果表明杯芳烃的结构对包络常数有影响 ,所形成的包络物在一定的温度范围内稳定。     

利用微电铸制作镍悬臂梁

为了设计出导电的Ni微变截面悬臂梁，采用了基于成熟的电镀技术的微电铸工艺．在分析悬臂梁的变截面结构和搭建微电铸试验平台之后，设计了整个工艺流程，利用近紫外线厚胶光刻、Ni微电铸、去除牺牲层等工艺实现了悬臂梁的制作．工艺实验结果表明，整个变截面悬臂梁的铸层表面没有缺陷，但不同微电铸面积的基座、粗梁、细梁的铸层厚度不均匀，其中，铸层面积最大的基座铸层最厚，面积次之的粗梁的铸层厚度居中，面积最小的细梁的铸层最薄．实验证明在一定范围内增大占空比和降低电流密度可以抑制这种厚度不均匀现象．     

Stereo- and regio-selectivity in the photosensitized dimerization of 1, 3-dimethylthymine in solution

The effects of reaction pathway and temperature on stereo- and regio-selectivity of photocycloaddition of 1, 3-dimethylthymine (DMT) which gives four cyclobutane type dimers in solution using acetone as the photosensitizer, are investigated by measuring the product distribution. It is demonstrated that the ground-state aggregation between DMT molecules mainly leads to (h-t)dimers, and the diffusion-controlled triplet dimerization is favorable to the formation of (h-h) dimers.     

仿生物组织透射光偏振特性的实验研究

该文在实验上研究了线偏振光经生物组织的传输后偏振特性的变化。选择Intrialipid悬浮液作为实验用仿生物组织样品，并利用Beam Profile2350测量了线偏振的He—Ne激光照射不同浓度、不同厚度的仿生物组织样品时透射光经过检偏器后的光场空间分布。根据不同的检偏角度下透射光的空间分布状况，分析了透射点位置坐标、样品浓度和厚度对透射光退偏程度的影响。     

2-氨基-3-氰基-4-(2’,4’-二氯苯基)-4H-萘并[1,2-b]吡喃的合成和晶体结构

标题化合物C22H17Cl2NO3的晶体由α-乙氧羰基-2,4-二氯肉桂腈、β-萘酚在TEBA存在下合成并经DMF与水的混合溶剂重结晶而得.其结构通过元素分析、IR和1HNMR进行了表征,用X射线单晶衍射法测定了该化合物的晶体结构.结果表明,晶体属于单斜晶系,P21/n空间群。a=1.450 5(2)nm,b=0.903 7(1)nm,c=1.491 3(2)nm,α=90°,β=101.21(1)°,γ=90°,Mr=414.27,V=1.917 5(4)nm3,Dc=1.435 g·cm-3,Z=4,μ(MoKα)=0.362 mm-1,F(000)=856.晶体结构用直接法解出,经全矩阵最小二乘法修正,最终偏离因子R=0.044 44,Rw=0.117 7.化合物分子中,原子C(1),C(2),C(3),C(4),C(5)和O(1)形成一个六元环,该六元环中C(1)-C(2)键长为0.134 6(3)nm,表明为双键.此六元环为船式构象.     

以[NEt4]3[Fe(CN)6]和[Mn(Ⅲ)(SB)S1S2]ClO4为单元的分子磁体的合成和表征

以[NEt4]3[Fe(CN)6]和[Mn(Ⅲ)(SB)S1S2]ClO4(SB,席夫碱＝5-CH3salophen (双水杨醛缩邻苯二胺)和5-CH3salen (双水杨醛缩乙二胺),S1和S2为H2O或CH3OH)为单元,室温下组装得到了新的化合物,并进行了相应的表征.结合元素分析、红外光谱分析、紫外-可见光谱分析和热分析结果,可以看出,席夫碱配体的空间位阻不同,化合物的结构也有很大变化.