Recent temperature increase recorded in an ice core in the source region of Yangtze River

Interests on climate change in the source region of Yangtze River have been raised since it is a region with the greatest warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A 70-year history of precipitation δ~(18)O has been recovered using an ice core record retrieved in a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33°34′37.8″N, 91°10′35.3″E, 5720 m a.s.l.), Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River), in November, 2005. By using a significant positive relationship between ice core δ~(18)O record and summer air temperature (July to September) from the nearby meteorological stations, a history of summer air temperature has been reconstructed for the last 70 years. Summer temperature was relatively low in 1940s and high in 1950s to the middle of 1960s. The lowest temperature occurred in the middle of 1970s. Temperature was low in 1980s and dramatically increased since 1990s, keeping the trend to the begin-ning of the 21st century. The warming rate recorded in the ice core with 0.5℃/10 a since 1970s is much higher that that in the central TP and the Northern Hemisphere (NH), and it becomes 1.1℃/10 a since 1990s which is also higher than these from the central TP and the NH, reflecting an accelerated warm-ing and a more sensitive response to global warming in the high elevation region.     

Clay minerals in surface sediments of the Pearl River drainage basin and their contribution to the South China Sea

Clay minerals have played a significant role in the study of the East Asian monsoon evolution in the South China Sea by being able to track oceanic current variations and to reveal contemporaneous paleoclimaUc changes prevailing in continental source areas. As one of the most important rivers inputting terrigenous matters to the northern South China Sea, the Pearl River was not previously paid attention to from the viewpoint of clay mineralogy. This paper presents a detailed study on clay minerals in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River drainage basin （including all three main channels, various branches, and the Lingdingyang in the estuary） by using the X-ray diffraction （XRD） method. The results indicate that the clay mineral assemblage consists dominantly of kaolinite （35%-65%）, lesser abundance of chlorite （20%-35%） and illite （12%-42%）, and very scare smectite occurrences （generally 〈5%）. Their respective distribution does not present any obvious difference throughout the Pearl River drainage basin. However, downstream the Pearl River to the northern South China Sea, the clay mineral assemblage varies significantly： kaolinite decreases gradually, smecUte and illite increase gradually. Additionally, illite chemistry index steps down and illite crystallinity steps up. These variations indicate the contribution of major kaolinite, lesser illite and chlorite, and very scarce smecUte to the northern South China Sea from the Pearl River drainage basin. The maximum contribution of clay minerals from the Pearl River is 72% to the northern margin and only 15% to the northern slope of the South China Sea. In both glacials and interglacials, kaolinite indicates that the ability of mechanical erosion occurred in the Pearl River drainage basin.     

Community Climate Model 3模拟夏季极端降水的初步分析

采用累积频率的统计方法和Community Climate Model 3(CCM3)模拟的10年逐日降水结果,分析了模拟的夏季极端降水事件的时空分布特征.结果表明,CCM3模拟的极端降水阈值的大值区主要在我国黄河和长江流域的上游、印度半岛及其邻近海域和孟加拉湾及其北部地区.CCM3能够模拟出我国长江流域极端降水量与极端降水日数显著增加的趋势.对极端降水平均强度、降水日数以及极端降水量与总降水量比值的经验正交函数(EOF)分析可知,我国大部分地区的极端降水基本呈现同相变化,且以长江和黄河中游地区较为显著.CCM3模式基本能够模拟出观测到的极端降水阈值与总降水、极端降水日数及其距平的高空间相关性.     

黄河灌区水热通量的观测与分析

为解决农田节水问题,进行了田间水热通量观测和水热耦合循环过程机理分析。观测系统主要包括:常规气象、辐射、涡度相关法观测系统以及土壤水分观测剖面。该系统能够连续和稳定地观测土壤-植物-大气连续体中的水热循环过程,涡度相关法观测数据具有与国际同类观测一致的精度。对2005年山东省位山引黄灌区冬小麦和夏玉米生长期内水热平衡的分析表明:当叶面积指数较大时潜热是农田能量消耗的主要方式;在冬小麦返青至收割期内作物耗水略小于供水,而在玉米生长期内供水远大于作物耗水,灌区供水充分。     

澳大利亚高压对南海夏季风爆发前期的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR的在分析资料,分析了1948～2004年期间澳大利亚（以下简称澳高）的年变化和日变化及其对南海夏季风的影响。结果显示在澳高强弱年这种影响有着不同的结果：在年际变化中,澳高与南海夏季风的相关性在澳高弱年明显大于强澳高年;而日变化中,澳高与南海夏季风的相关性在澳高弱年为正,澳高强年则为负。进一步研究表明,造成这些现象的原因大致可以归为：强弱澳高年,越赤道气流的通道变换;西太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）的位置偏向;马斯可林高压（以下简称马高）的作用的叠加效应.这些作用对于南海夏季风的重要组成部分：越赤道气流产生了重要影响,从而影响了南海夏季风的强度。     

吊桥公园的鸟类调查

对扎兰屯市吊桥公园的鸟类进行了3年多的野外观察记录，共记录21科，6亚科，88种。其中非雀形目鸟类17种，占19．3％；雀形目鸟类71种，占80．7％。鸟类组成以夏候鸟和旅鸟为主。     

Deep sea pollen record during 12－1.6 Ma from the southern South China Sea and its response to envi-ronmental change

Based on deep-sea pollen results (512-76 m) from ODP Site 1143 in the southern South China Sea (SCS),the climate and vegetation evolution sequence on the surrounding islands and the exposed continental shelf are discussed. The pollen records show that the pollen influx was quite low before 8.15 Ma and increased dramatically afterwards. The influx changes can be ascribed,on one side,to tectonics deformations around the southern SCS resulting in rapid uplift of islands and subsequent increase of the sediment rates and pollen influx and on the other side to climate cooling and monsoon enhancement. Around 2.63 Ma was another obvious boundary,the increasing of pollen and spores influx since this time was mainly related to global climate cooling. Spectrum analysis of pollen influx values shows that 2 Ma,0.67 Ma,and 0.19-0.17 Ma cycles existed during 12-3.0 Ma,while 0.1 Ma and 46.9 ka cycles existed during 3.0-2.0 Ma.     

Monogenetic determinants of Alzheimer's disease: APP mutations

Mutations within exons 16 and 17 of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene were the first known cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. These mutations are rare and have been reported in a handful of families exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance of Alzheimer's disease with age of onset around 50 years. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each of these mutations alters proteolytic processing of APP, resulting in an increase in the production of Aβ42, a highly fibrillogenic peptide, that spontaneously aggregates and deposits in the brain. Transgenic mice carrying a mutant human APP gene also show age-dependent β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain. The rate of deposition in these mice can be modified by apolipoprotein E expression.     

中国典型季风区分子化石记录的生物空间分异

目的揭示中国典型季风区分子化石记录的生物分布的空间分异。方法利用GC-MS对典型季风区泥炭剖面进行分子化石的检测和分析。结果全新世时期,不同季风气候带的正构烷烃分布特征明显不同,从南到北依次为nC29—nC31(少量为nC25)—nC27,nC29,nC31为优势,说明不同地带同一时期植被输入呈明显的分异特征。结论中国全新世不同空间格局的生物,从南到北具有明显的空间分异特点,是生物-气候共同作用的结果。     

上海市地理景观对夏季蚊虫孳生的影响

利用遥感和地理信息系统提取2007—2008年夏季上海市蚊虫监测点缓冲区的土地利用状况和景观多样性数据,分析了区域水体、植被空间分布等区域景观特征及其变化对蚊虫密度消长的影响,为城市化过程中的蚊害防控提供参考依据.结果表明,本研究区内蚊虫密度与景观多样性、水网密度和植被密度成正相关关系,与景观破碎度成负相关关系,50%~70%植被覆盖度环境更有利于蚊虫繁殖,水域及水利设施用地的蚊虫密度高于其他用地类型.2007—2008年上海市夏季郊区的蚊虫密度高于市区,城市建设对蚊虫密度消长有重要影响.