Model evaluations for winter orographic clouds with observations

The Real-Time Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation (RT-FDDA) system is used for orographic snowpack enhancement.The model has three nested domains with the grid spacing of 18,6 and 2 km.To evaluate the simulations of winter orographic clouds and precipitation,comparisons are made between model simulations and observations to determine how the model simulates the cloud distribution,cloud height,cloud vertical profiles and snow precipitation.The simulated results of the 02:00 UTC cycling with 2-km resolution are used in the comparison.The observations include SNOTEL,ceilometer,sounding and satellite data,from the ground to air.The verification of these observations indicates that the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) RT-FDDA system provides good simulations.It is better to use data within the forecast period of 2-16 h simulations.Although the horizontal wind component near the ground has some bias,and the simulated clouds are a little higher and have a little more coverage than observed,the simulated precipitation is a little weaker than observed.The results of the comparison show that the WRF RT-FDDA model provides good simulations and can be used in orographic cloud seeding.     

Coral reef ecosystems in the South China Sea as a source of atmospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in summer

Field measurements of air-sea CO2 exchange in three coral reef areas of the South China Sea (i.e. the Yongshu Reef atoll of the Nansha Islands, southern South China Sea (SCS); Yongxing Island of Xisha Islands, north-central SCS; and Luhuitou Fringing Reef in Sanya of Hainan Island, northern SCS) during the summers of 2008 and 2009 revealed that both air and surface seawater partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) showed regular diurnal cycles. Minimum values occurred in the evening and maximum values in the morning. Air pCO2 in each of the three study areas showed small diurnal variations, while large diurnal variations were ob-served in seawater pCO2. The diurnal variation amplitude of seawater pCO2 was ~70 μmol mol–1 at the Yongshu Reef lagoon, 420–619 μmol mol–1 on the Yongxing Island reef flat, and 264–579 μmol mol–1 on the reef flat of the Luhuitou Fringing Reef, and 324–492 μmol mol–1 in an adjacent area just outside of this fringing reef. With respect to spatial relations, there were large differences in air-sea CO2 flux across the South China Sea (e.g. ~0.4 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongshu Reef, ~4.7 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Yongxing Island, and ~9.8 mmol CO2 m–2 d–1 at Luhuitou Fringing Reef). However, these positive values suggest that coral reef ecosystems of the SCS may be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Additional analyses indicated that diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in the shallow water reef flat are controlled mainly by biological metabolic processes, while those of deeper water lagoons and outer reef areas are regulated by both biological metabolism and hydrodynamic factors. Unlike the open ocean, inorganic metabolism plays a significant role in influencing seawater pCO2 variations in coral reef ecosystems.     

Evolution of the East Asian monsoon and its response to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau since 1.8 Ma recorded by major elements in sediments of the South China Sea

Evolution of the East Asian monsoon and its response to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been investigated in the study of global change. Core sediment samples drilled in the South China Sea during ODP Leg184 are the best materials for studying long-term variability of the East Asian monsoon. R-mode factor analysis of major elements in the fine grain-sized carbonate-free sediments (<4 μm) of the upper 185 mcd splice of ODP Site 1146 drilled during Leg184 in the South China Sea shows that Ti, TFe2O3, MgO, K2O, P, CaO, and Al2O3 are representative of a terrestrial factor. The variation in the terrestrial factor score is subject to chemical erosion in the source region and thus indicates the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon. The terrestrial factor score has three stepwise decreases at ~1.3 Ma, ~0.9 Ma, and ~0.6 Ma, indicating the phased weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon is related to wholly stepwise, quick uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau since 1.8 Ma. The periodic fluctuation of the terrestrial factor score since ~0.6 Ma indicates that the glacial-interglacial cycles have been the main force driving the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. As in the case of Chinese loess, the long-term evolution of the East Asian monsoon recorded in sediments of the South China Sea reflects a coupled effect of the glacial-interglacial cycle and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

《淮南万毕术》夏造冰之新解——兼与厚宇德先生商榷

二十多年来学术界关于《淮南万毕术》“夏造冰”问题的讨论颇具戏剧性.1983年洪震寰否定了这种可能性,十年之后李志超、赵虹君的相关研究得出了相反的结果.2004年厚宇德研究了李、赵肯定说实验方案,得到出乎意料的相反结论.本文根据原文提出一个新的技术思路,按此思路,则有可能实现“夏造冰”.实际操作中能不能达到预想的目标,还有待于实验验证.     

轴对称辐射传递逆问题的三种求解算法比较

针对轴对称光学薄火焰,用图像探测器和滤色片获得火焰的单色辐射图像,根据火焰的单色辐射强度,分别采用最小二乘法、正则化方法和线性规划法对辐射传递逆问题进行了求解.对一个轴对称乙烯扩散火焰进行实验检测,通过对三种求解方法的结果比较,表明对辐射强度较高的火焰中部和上部区域,三种方法均可获得较好的重建结果;而对于辐射强度较低的火焰下部区域,由于线性规划法同时具有光滑性和约束性的优点,可以获得较好重建结果,它对求解轴对称辐射传递逆问题是一种比较理想的算法.     

企业员工职业生涯停滞原因的实证研究

职业生涯停滞问题是职业发展的一个重要方面,由其所引发的一系列问题必须予以高度重视。通过对某机械行业企业员工开展问卷调查的实证方式,运用统计软件SPSS对数据进行科学的统计与分析,证实了造成职业生涯停滞的六大因素,并进一步探讨了这六大因素之间的相互作用关系。通过本次研究能够了解造成职业生涯停滞的成因,从而帮助企业和个人防范于未然,避免职业停滞现象的发生。     

一阶非线性泛函微分方程的振动准则

研究两类带强迫项的一阶非线性泛函微分方程的振动准则,所得结果推广了已有文献的结果.     

草地藏系绵羊和成都麻羊产乳量及乳的生化组成特性比较研究

对草地藏系绵羊和成都麻羊产乳量及乳的生化组成特性进行了比较研究.结果表明:草地藏系绵羊和成都麻羊经产母羊哺乳期的产乳量分别为38.28±1.54kg和46.15±1.78kg,草地藏系绵羊的产乳量极显著低于成都麻羊(P<0.01);乳中总固形物、乳蛋白、乳糖、乳脂分别为169.45±7.52和157.88±2.16g/L、48.45±13.21和44.18±2.65g/L、41.93±5.06和46.44±3.06g/L、69.43±11.41和58.69±2.71g/L,乳中总固形物和乳脂含量草地藏系绵羊均极显著高于成都麻羊(P﹤0.01);乳中4种酶γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化物酶(LP)和淀粉酶(AMY)的活力分别为268.25±89.18和194.27±94.33U/100ml、231.85±107.38和305.54±125.12U/100ml、3.97±3.68和5.45±2.81U/ml、80.65±73.91和82.73±69.67U/100ml,草地藏系绵羊乳中γ-GT活力极显著高于成都麻羊(P﹤0.01),而AKP活力极显著低于成都麻羊(P﹤0.01),乳中4种酶的活力个体间差异较大;乳中蛋白主要包括α-乳清蛋白(α-La)、β-乳球蛋白(β-Lg)、酪蛋白(CN)、免疫球蛋白(IgG)等组分,其中酪蛋白为优势蛋白,α-La含量较低,草地藏系绵羊乳中β-Lg含量显著高于成都麻羊(P﹤0.05),SA含量极显著高于成都麻羊(P﹤0.01),而CN含量则极显著低于成都麻羊(P﹤0.01).     

New geological evidence of crustal thickening in the Gangdese block prior to the Indo-Asian collision

Recent mapping in the Gangdese block has revealed many leucogranites that are similar to those in the High Himalaya. These leucogranites formed at ～140 Ma as indicated by monazite Th-Pb ion-microprobe dating and cooled at ～130 Ma as indicated by muscovite ^40Ar/^39Ar dating. In conjunction with previous structural and paleogeographic studies, the new data indicate that the Gangdese block underwent crustal thickening and associated exhumation during ～140—130 Ma. In this regard, the southern margin of Eurasia continent was comparable to the modern South American Altiplano-Puna plateau, the prime example of active ocean-continent subduction and associated thickened crust. Specifically, the early stages of crustal thickening and uplifting of the Gangdese block may result from subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. If the Tibetan Plateau would form by accretion of a series of blocks with thickened crust, an elevated topographic plateau similar to the Altiplano-Puna plateau had formed before collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Then the Tibetan Plateau would have quickly thickened, uplifted, and begun to extend soon after onset of the collision. Thus, the deformational mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau is not distributed shortening, but rather concentrating deformation within regions of thin crust between the accreted blocks.