Inhaled and exhaled nitric oxide

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is used to treat various cardiopulmonary disorders associated with pulmonary hypertension. The rationale is based on the fact that NO, given by inhalation, only dilates those pulmonary vessels that perfuse well-ventilated lung units. As a result, pulmonary gas exchange is improved while pulmonary vascular resistance is reduced and pulmonary blood flow is increased. Inhaled NO has been succesfully applied to treat persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, reducing the need for extracorporeal life support. Although pulmonary hypertension and altered vasoreactivity contribute to profound hypoxaemia in adult and paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the benefit of inhaled NO still remains to be established in patients with ARDS. ARDS is a complex response of the lung to direct or indirect insults, leading to pulmonary vasoconstriction and various inflammatory responses. Recent randomized trials suggest that inhaled NO only causes a transient improvement in oxygenation. Whether this effect is important in the long-term management of ARDS remains to be established. NO, measured in the exhaled breath, is an elegant and non-invasive means to monitor inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract. In the normal upper airways, the bulk of exhaled NO originates from the paranasal sinuses. Exhaled NO is increased in nasal allergy and decreased in cystic fibrosis, nasal polyposis and chronic sinusitis. That NO production is increased in asthmatic airways is also well established. However, several questions still need to be addressed, in particular evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of the measurement techniques, and assessment of the bronchodilator action of endogenous NO.     

Cu/MgO界面结构的高分辨电子显微镜研究

利用高分辨透射电子显微镜对内部氧化Cu/Mg合金产生的Cu/MgO界面进行了研究，观察到了一种新的取向关系，这种取向关系不同于通常观察到的两晶胞取向完全一致的简单关系。而且对界面的结构和位错进行了研究，发现两位错线之间的距离与O点阵理论符合得很好。     

中温陶瓷燃料电池电解质与电极材料研究现状

对目前用作中温固体氧化物燃料电池的电解质材料和电极材料作了简要的综述。确定了今后的研究方向是以CeO2基和BaCeO3基电解质为主，并且研究与之相匹配的电极材料。     

N-Monomethyl-arginine and nicotinamide prevent streptozotocin-induced double strand DNA break formation in pancreatic rat islets

The impact of short term in vitro exposure to the diabetogenic drug streptozotocin on pancreatic islet glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, DNA fragmentation and cell viability, was studied. Streptozotocin impaired cell viability as well as insulin secretion and the oxidation of glucose. These effects were partially counteracted by inhibition of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase with N-monomethyl-arginine and by scavenging oxygen free radicals with nicotinamide. Isolated islets underwent double strand DNA fragmentation after 24 h in culture. The degree of DNA breakdown was strongly enhanced by exposure of the islet DNA was obtained with N-monomethyl-arginine and nicotinamide. These data suggest that the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is involved in the deleterious action of streptozotocin on pancreatic islet tissue. A role for oxygen radicals generated during streptozotocin-induced islet cell damage as possible mediators of the expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase and the scavenging action of nicotinamide on these radicals, is then proposed.     

一氧化氮诱导棘阿米巴凋亡的初探

本实验旨在通过形态学和生物化学方法探讨NO对棘阿米巴凋亡的影响。将棘阿米巴在不同浓度的SNP（NO供体）处理条件下孵育一定时间，选用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶（TdT）介导的d-UTP缺口末端标记法（TUNEL)、透射电镜观察可发现SNP（外源性NO供体）可诱导棘阿米巴滋养体随SNP剂量和时间的增长，逐渐产生凋亡的趋势；透射电镜下可见实验组（终浓度3mmol/L的SNP与棘阿米巴孵育9h和12h）棘阿米巴滋养体有凋亡的超微结构特征。结果表明NO可对棘阿米巴凋亡产生影响并发挥其抗棘阿米巴感染的作用。     

Identification of a pre-hibernating state in myocardium from nonhibernating chipmunks

Summary During the hibermating season, the amplitude of the cardiac action potential plateau of nonhibernating chipmunks was reduced. Replacing external Ca by Sr inhibited the electromechanical responses of these preparations. Similar properties were observed in hibernating animal preparations, suggesting that changes in cardiac function are already triggered before hibernation begins.15 December 1986     

石墨烯基TiO_2复合材料的表征及其可见光催化活性研究

以氧化石墨烯与石墨烯为碳源,在熔盐介质中与钛粉反应原位生成石墨烯基TiC中间产物,并通过后续控制氧化制得石墨烯基TiO_2复合光催化剂,结合FTIR、XRD、Raman、SEM等手段,对两种石墨烯材料的结构及形貌差异进行表征,并分析了其对所制复合材料结构、形貌及可见光催化活性的影响。结果表明,所制复合材料仍保持碳源的层片状结构,TiC和TiO_2颗粒均匀包覆在碳源表面;以石墨烯为碳源更有利于表面原位生成TiC晶粒的生长,其晶体结构更为完善;两种结构的石墨烯基TiO_2复合材料均对目标污染物亚甲基蓝有较强的吸附能力和可见光降解能力。     

功能化氧化石墨烯的靶向肿瘤成像与光热治疗

整合素α_vβ₃是一种跨膜糖蛋白, 高表达于多种肿瘤细胞表面, 如人恶性胶质瘤(U87-MG). 它能够作为一类肿瘤标志物, 为肿瘤类型的诊断提供依据, 并为肿瘤治疗提供潜在作用靶点. 本文以人恶性胶质瘤细胞(U87-MG)为治疗模型, 利用靶向配体——整合素α_vβ₃单克隆抗体(integrin α_vβ₃ monoclonal antibody), 偶联新型纳米材料——氧化石墨烯(nano-graphene oxide, NGO), 构建成一种新型纳米探针(NGO-mAb-FITC)用于靶向成像及光热治疗. 这种纳米探针具有主动靶向功能, 可识别α_vβ₃阳性表达细胞U87-MG, 但不被α_vβ₃阴性表达的人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)摄取. 通过异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)共价修饰靶向配体, 使纳米探针(NGO-mAb-FITC)获得对肿瘤细胞的靶向成像作用. 同时, 利用氧化石墨烯在808 nm近红外激光照射下的光热转化性能, 使得特异性摄取NGO-mAb-FITC纳米探针的肿瘤细胞内部产生过高热(hyperthermia), 从而诱导肿瘤细胞热损伤及细胞凋亡. 实验结果表明, NGO-mAb-FITC能有效识别靶细胞, 为肿瘤诊断提供依据, 而利用氧化石墨烯的高光热转换性能, 为肿瘤治疗提供新途径, 并有望成为一种有潜力的新型靶向光热转换探针而用于肿瘤的成像诊断与光热治疗.     

Photocatalytic enhancement of Mg-doped ZnO nanocrystals hybridized with reduced graphene oxide sheets

Hybridization of Mg-doped ZnO and reduced graphene oxide(MZO–RGO) were synthesized through one pot reaction process. Crystallization of MZO–RGO upon thermal decomposition of the stearate precursors was investigated by X-ray diffraction technique. XRD studies point toward the particles size with 10–15 nm,which was confirmed by transmittance electronic microscopy,and also indicates that graphene oxide has been directly reduced into its reduced state graphene during the synthesis. Graphene hybridized MZO photocatalyst showed enhanced catalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue(MB). The degree of photocatalytic activity enhancement strongly depended both on the coverage of graphene on the surface of MZO nanoparticles and the Mg doping concentration. The sample of 2 wt% graphene hybridized 5 at% Mg-doped ZnO showed the highest photocatalytic activity,which remained good photocatalytic activity after nine cycling runs.