Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Storage of irradiated human blood; a source of error in quantitative chromosome analysis

Summary Human whole blood was irradiated with 2.5 Gy of 220 kVp X-rays and stored before culture with 9.7 M BrdU and 19.4 or 38.7 M BrdU for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. The frequency of dicentrics and ring chromosomes was determined in cells staining as first division (M1) metaphases with the fluorescence plus Giemsa technique. Storage had no influence on the observed aberration yields in 44 h cultures containing 9.7 M BrdU. In 66 h cultures at 19.4 M BrdU the observed yields after 2 and 3 days' storage were significantly lower as compared to cultures from fresh blood. No storage effect was revealed in 66 h cultures containing 38.7 M BrdU. In cases where cytogenetic radiation dosimetry has to be carried out using blood samples which have been in transit for 2–3 days, the findings are of relevance for a correct determination of the chromosome damage in M1 cells.     

云南两高辐合背景下低涡强降水过程对比分析

基于气象观测和欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析资料（ERA5）,选取2018—2020年发生在云南的3次两高压辐合区（以下简称两高辐合）背景下低涡连续性强降水过程进行对比分析,探究其环流形势、动热力因子及水汽辐合的相似性和差异性.结果显示：(1)夏半年西太平洋副热带高压（以下简称西太副高）西伸时,云南常受两高辐合影响,当辐合区中有低涡生成,易发生连续性强降水,且强降水落区并不完全分布在整个狭长的两高辐合区内.(2)两高辐合区低涡降水具有相似的雨带分布和移动特征,但雨带的集中程度、分布范围、小时雨强和总雨量存在差异.强降水开始时,落区偏东,随着西太副高西伸及东北引导气流的引导,低涡向南向西移动,强降水落区也随之向南向西移动.低涡在某一地区徘徊导致降水集中在该区域,且西太副高西伸较强时,两高辐合形势更强,低涡降水大雨及以上量级雨带也更窄.(3)低涡造成的降水主要分布在低涡中心及低涡切变附近,且降水发生在低层暖湿的环境中,低层及中高层有冷空气侵入时,小时雨强的极端性更强,降水落区也相对偏北.两高辐合区低涡降水落区与水汽辐合区对应较好,水汽辐合强度较弱时,对应的总降水量较小.     

油松容器苗和裸根苗生长与造林效果对秋季施肥的响应

【目的】探究不同秋季施肥处理条件下油松容器苗和裸根苗苗期生长、养分积累和造林效果的差异,为生产上培育油松良种壮苗提供理论基础和技术支持。【方法】以大田培育的当年生油松播种容器苗和裸根苗为研究对象,设置0(对照)、12、24、36 mg/株4种秋季施肥水平,于90%以上苗木形成顶芽后进行施肥处理,并于翌年进行雨季造林试验。测定造林前的苗高、地径、生物量、根冠比、养分含量及造林后苗木成活率和苗高、地径相对生长量等指标,分析出圃苗木性状与造林效果之间的相关性。【结果】秋季施肥24 mg/株处理下的油松容器苗苗高、地径、生物量、氮、磷、钾含量均表现最佳,该处理下容器苗整株生物量、氮、磷、钾含量较对照分别增加了41.8%、31.4%、65.6%和48.8%;油松裸根苗受秋季施肥影响较小。容器苗氮含量在各器官中的分布从大到小表现为根>叶>茎,裸根苗氮含量在各器官中的分布从大到小表现为叶>根>茎;磷、钾含量在容器苗和裸根苗各器官中的分布从大到小均表现为叶>根>茎。雨季造林试验结果显示,油松造林效果受苗木类型影响显著,容器苗造林当年和第2年春季的苗高、地径相对生长量...     

Improvement in hydrogen storage performance of Mg by mechanical grinding with molten salt etching Ti3C2Clx

Mg-based materials are currently a hot research topic as hydrogen storage materials due to their considerable theoretical hydrogen storage capacity. However, the kinetic performance of hydrogen absorption and desorption of Mg is too slow and requires high temperature, which seriously hinders the application of this material. MXene is a new type of two-dimensional material with significant role in improving thermodynamics and kinetics. In this experiment, a two-dimensional layered MXene containing Cl functional group was prepared by molten salt etching using the Ti-containing MAX phase as the raw material. Then different ratios of Ti₃C₂Cl_x were uniformly dispersed onto the surface of Mg by high energy ball milling. The samples were characterized by hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics, SEM, XRD, XPS, and DSC to investigate the effect of Ti₃C₂Cl_x on the hydrogen absorption and desorption performance of Mg. The onset hydrogen absorption temperature can be reduced to room temperature and the hydrogen release temperature is reduced by 200 ​°C by doping Ti₃C₂Cl_x. And there is also 5.4 ​wt% hydrogen storage in the isothermal hydrogen absorption test at 400 ​°C. The results of DSC demonstrate that the E_a of Mg+15 ​wt% Ti₃C₂Cl_x was reduced by 12.6% compared to pristine Mg. The ΔH is almost invariable. The results of XPS show that the presence of multivalent Ti promotes electron transfer and thus improves the conversion between Mg²⁺/Mg and H⁻/H. This study provides a guideline for further improving the hydrogen absorption and desorption performance of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials.     

人工干预压采条件下东风湖泉域地下水环境响应研究

为掌握我国北方典型岩溶泉域在人工干预条件下地下水的动态响应规律,以涉县东风湖泉域为研究对象,结合区内地质、水文地质、2011-2021年地下水位动态监测和地下水压采资料,在分析该地区地下水动态变化特征的基础上,运用GMS软件构建了在人工压采干预作用下的地下水流数值模拟模型,对地下水位变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明：①研究区地下水动态变化明显,具有周期性、滞后性,具体表现为4个变化阶段;②研究区内岩溶地下水整体呈现回升的状态,但是空间分布特征不同,上升区主要分布于下游地区;;③地下水类型为降水入渗-开采型,低水位期基本在5-6月,高水位期在1-2月;④在干预条件下,区内地下水位有着不同程度的回升,南部(下游)浅层水位响应特征值超过15m,中游地下水位响应特征值达到了5-10m,北部(上游)地下水位响应特征值为3-5m;上游和中游地下水位影响整体小于下游,下游水位响应尤为突出。该研究对于泉域内泉的保护以及地下水开发利用和保护具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

蓄电池容量自动测试仪

本文根据国标《CB5008.1～3—85》的规定,设计了一种蓄电池容量自动测试仪.该仪器利用8位单片计算机进行控制,完成测试过程中的自动恒流、自动测量时间和温度、自动进行数据处理、自动停机等功能.它的优点是操作简单,测量精度高,成本低.本文介绍了蓄电池容量的测量原理和计算方法,对单片机的硬件和软件系统都做了全面的叙述.     

海口分层流中的泥沙输运计算

本文展示了一个计算泥沙输运过程的三维数值模型,此模型的特点在于较准确地计入凝絮及河床侵蚀对于泥沙沉淀过程的影响,关于凝絮及侵蚀的定量计算模型已为大量实验所验证,且是首次被结合运用于三维输运计算。文中对于海湾区域的泥沙输运进行了数值研究,第一闪通过定量计算评实了所谓最大浑浊区的存在,并研究了影响其形成及强度的几个因素,这些计算结果不仅评实了数值模型的有效性,而且显示了其在泥沙输运研究方面的作用与潜力     

局域网的规划与INTERNET的连接技术

介绍了NETWARE局域网的规划方法、实施步骤,并简述了其与INTERNET实现连接的几种方法。